Privacy

DATA PROTECTION LAWS IN UNITED STATES

United States privacy law is a complex patchwork of national, state and local privacy laws and regulations. There is no comprehensive national privacy law in the United States. However, the US does have a number of largely sector-specific privacy and data security laws at the federal level, as well as many more at the state (and local) level. In recent years, beginning with California in 2018, states have begun to introduce and enact their own comprehensive privacy laws. Although bipartisan draft bills (e.g., the American Privacy Rights Act of 2024) have been introduced since then, changes in the political climate, industry influence, and the increasing complexity of privacy concerns have stifled efforts of passing an omnibus law. Thus, a comprehensive privacy law on the federal level is not expected to pass any time soon.

Federal and State Privacy Laws and Regulations

Federal laws and regulations include those that apply to financial institutions, telecommunications companies, credit reporting agencies and healthcare providers, as well as driving records, children’s online privacy, telemarketing, email marketing, biometrics, and communications privacy laws.

There are also a number of state privacy and data security laws that can overlap with federal law(s)—some of these state privacy laws are preempted in part by federal laws, while others are not. Some US states have also privacy and data security laws and regulations that apply across sectors and go beyond requirements imposed by federal laws—such as data security laws, secure destruction, Social Security number privacy, online privacy, biometric information privacy, and data breach notification laws. Generally, these state laws apply to personal information about residents of or activities that occur within each of these states, respectively. Thus, many businesses operating in the United States must comply not only with applicable federal law, but also with numerous state privacy and security laws and regulations.

For example, California alone has more than 25 state privacy and data security laws, including the comprehensive CCPA, which provides definitions and broad individual rights and imposes requirements and restrictions on the collection, use, disclosure, and processing of personal information of CA residents. The CCPA is unique among the existing state comprehensive privacy laws in that, it applies not only to personal information related to consumers but also in the HR and B2B context. Enforcement of the updated CCPA regulations, which were finalized March 29, 2023, commenced on March 29, 2024, by the newly established California Privacy Protection Agency, referred to as the ‘CPPA’ or ‘Agency.’ In September of 2025, the CPPA announced that the California Office of Administrative Law approved regulations covering (1) cybersecurity audits, (2) risk assessments, (3) automated decision-making technology (ADMT), (4) insurance companies, and (5) updates to the existing CCPA Regulations. These supplementing regulations went into effect January 1, 2026. However, businesses have a grace period to come into compliance with certain of the new requirements, including: cybersecurity audits, risk assessments, and new requirements for automated decision-making technologies.

Cybersecurity Audits: businesses required to complete cybersecurity audits must submit their certifications to the CPPA by:

April 1, 2028, if the business makes over $100 million;
April 1, 2029, if the business makes between $50 million and $100 million; or
April 1, 2030, if the business makes less than $50 million.

Risk Assessments: businesses subject to risk assessment requirements must begin compliance by January 1, 2026 and submit to the Agency by April 1, 2028:

An attestation that required risk assessments were completed, and
A summary of the risk assessment information.

Automated Decision-Making Technology (ADMT): Businesses that use ADMT to make significant decisions must comply with the relevant requirements starting on January 1, 2027.

The CPPA also enforces the "Delete Act," effective January 1, 2024, which imposes deletion obligations on data brokers, including to:

Register with CalPrivacy on an annual basis,
Process deletion requests submitted through the DROP system
Report the types of information they collect and share, and
Undergo audits to make sure they’re following the Delete Act

Non-compliance of the above requirements may lead to penalties and administrative fines.

Consumers may submit a single verifiable request to have their personal information held by all registered data brokers in California deleted via the DROP platform, which is accessible on the CPPA's website and became operational January 1, 2026. The idea is to allow consumers to make a single verifiable deletion request (free of charge) to have their data deleted by data brokers and their associated service providers or contractors, thereby preventing certain 'sales' of their information.

In August 2022, the California legislature passed the California Age-Appropriate Design Code ('CAADC'), which was slated to take effect July 1, 2024, and would apply to companies that meet the definition of “business” under the CCPA and that provide online services that are likely to be accessed by individuals under 18 years of age. However, on September 18, 2023, a California District Court issued an injunction blocking the law from coming into effect on First Amendment grounds. Following an appeal to the Ninth Circuit by the California Attorney General's office, the court on March 12, 2026, issued its latest decision in NetChoice, LLC v. Bonta, partially affirming and partially vacating the district court’s preliminary injunction that had blocked the law’s enforcement. It vacated the preliminary injunction as to this provision and remanded for further consideration. Importantly, the court observed that the age estimation requirement does not, on its face, prevent access to content. The court left open the question of whether the term “data management practices” in the age estimation provision incorporates the content-related factors from the DPIA requirement (which remains enjoined) or carries its ordinary meaning. This statutory interpretation question will be addressed on remand. Further, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the preliminary injunction as to four data use restrictions and the dark patterns prohibition, albeit on vagueness grounds rather than First Amendment grounds. More information on the California Age-Appropriate Design Code is available online.

Similarly, Maryland has enacted the “Kids Code” and Connecticut amended its Consumer Data Protection Act to include similar protections for children’s personal information. Moreover, in January 2025, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) finalized significant changes to the federal Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). While the FTC periodically reviews the COPPA rule, these rule changes are the first amendment to COPPA since 2013. According to the FTC, the final amended rule reflects technological advancements since COPPA was last amended and is intended to enhance online safety for children. More information on the amended rule is available online. Additionally, the FTC published its “Enforcement Policy Statement Promoting the Adoption of Age-Verification Technology,” and stated its intent to initiate a review of the COPPA Rule to address age-verification mechanisms. The combined efforts of federal and state regulators are intended to pave the way for a safer digital landscape and ensure that children's privacy is prioritized in an increasingly connected world.

Beyond California’s CCPA, additional comprehensive state privacy laws have also taken effect, including the

Colorado Privacy Act,
Connecticut Data Privacy Act (including amendments regulating consumer health data, children’s data, and social media platforms),
Delaware Personal Data Privacy Act,
Florida Data Privacy and Security Act,
Indiana Consumer Data Protection Act,
Iowa Consumer Data Protection Act,
Kentucky Consumer Data Protection Act,
Maryland Online Data Privacy Act,
Minnesota Consumer Data Privacy Act,
Montana Consumer Data Privacy Act,
Nebraska Data Privacy Act,
New Hampshire Consumer Expectation of Privacy Act,
New Jersey Personal Data Privacy Act,
Oregon Consumer Privacy Act,
Rhode Island Data Transparency and Privacy Protection Act,
Tennessee Information Protection Act
Texas Data Privacy and Security Act
Utah Consumer Privacy Act
Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act

While not identical, these comprehensive state privacy laws are, with the exception of the CCPA, substantially similar to each other in most respects, but may differ in certain regards, for example, scope, privacy notice disclosures, privacy rights, and certain key definitions. These state laws are also generally inapplicable to personal information collected about, and processed in the context of, employee and business relationships. While the CCPA has some practical similarities with these state laws, it adopts more granular definitions, requirements, and restrictions that vary considerably from these laws, and, notably, also applies to personal information collected from California residents in employment and B2B contexts.

There have also been significant developments in the health data space, beginning in 2023 with Washington passing the landmark My Health My Data Act (MHMD). The law ostensibly applies only to consumer health data, but its exceptionally broad definitions and scope combined with its private right of action may mean its enforcement touches on data many companies may not typically consider “health” data. More information on the MHMD Act is available online. Since MHMD, other states have followed suit—Nevada passed the Nevada Consumer Health Data Privacy Law through senate bill 370, effective March 31, 2024, and Connecticut amended the Consumer Data Privacy Act to include similar provisions for protecting consumer health data, effective October 1, 2023.

Finally, the pace of state privacy legislation has continued to accelerate overall, with the following states also introducing similar legislation:

Georgia
Illinois
Maine
Massachusetts
Michigan
New York
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
South Carolina

Enforcement of Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices

In the United States, consumer protection laws, which prohibit unfair and deceptive business practices, provide another avenue for enforcement against businesses for their privacy and security practices.

At the federal level, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) uses its authority to protect consumers against unfair or deceptive trade practices, to take enforcement actions against businesses for materially unfair privacy and data security practices. The FTC uses this authority to, among other things, take enforcement actions and investigate companies for:

Failing to implement reasonable data security measures
Making materially inaccurate or misleading privacy and security statements, including in privacy policies
Failing to abide by applicable industry self-regulatory principles
Transferring or attempting to transfer personal information to an acquiring entity in a bankruptcy or M&A transaction, in a manner not expressly disclosed on the applicable consumer privacy policy
Violating consumer privacy rights by collecting, using, sharing or failing to adequately protect consumer information, in violation of standards established in their prior enforcement precedents

Many state attorneys general have similar enforcement authority over unfair and deceptive business practices, including failure to implement reasonable security measures and violations of consumer privacy rights that harm consumers in their states. State attorneys general also sometimes work together on enforcement actions against companies for actions that broadly affect the consumers of multiple states (such as data breaches).

Key Enforcement Trends and Areas of Privacy Class Action

Privacy class actions continue to be a significant risk area in the United States, including in the context of biometric privacy (under the Illinois Biometric Privacy Act), text messaging (under the federal Telephone Consumer Privacy Act) and call recording, wiretapping and related claims under the California Invasion of Privacy Act, the Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA), and Shine The Light, as well as other state laws. For example, on January 26, 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari in Salazar v. Paramount Global to clarify the scope of the VPPA and resolve a circuit split on the question of how “consumer” is defined under the law. The Court is likely to schedule oral argument in the upcoming 2026-2027 term. Further under the CCPA, data breaches due to inadequate security measures, allow for a private right of action.

Online monitoring and targeting activities—including via cookies, pixels, chat bots, and so-called “session replay” tools—continue to be an area of particular focus in the eyes of both regulators and plaintiff’s attorneys. Similarly, regulators put a heightened focus on compliance with honoring opt-out of 'selling/sharing for targeted advertising purposes, including via global opt-out signals and related to selling and sharing via non-automated means, ADMT transparency, as well as data-broker registration since the DROP platform became operational in January of 2026.

These enforcement and litigation trends highlight the evolving landscape of privacy enforcement and litigation, emphasizing the need for businesses to stay current in order to adapt and comply with stringent privacy and data protection regulations to avoid legal repercussions and reputational harm.

Existing Federal Regulation of Social Media Platforms and Certain Content

Distribution of Sexually Explicit Material

By statute, Congress has prohibited the knowing distribution of certain material in interstate or foreign commerce, including over the internet. Federal law has long criminalized the distribution of "obscene" material, a subset of pornographic content. Because sexual expression is generally protected under the First Amendment, the Supreme Court has adopted a definition of obscenity that exempts material with serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. Federal law also prohibits accessing or distributing child sexual abuse material (CSAM), referred to in statute as "child pornography." Material that qualifies as obscenity or child pornography is considered "unprotected speech," meaning the government can prohibit it, subject to certain First Amendment limits. In 2002, the Supreme Court invalidated on free speech grounds an amendment to the CSAM statute prohibiting material that "appears to" depict a minor engaged in sexual conduct, because it would have prohibited even non-obscene movies with adult actors. The case may have implications for images generated or altered with artificial intelligence.

A 2022 federal law authorizes individuals whose intimate images were disclosed without their consent to sue the disclosing party in federal court. Many cases involving these claims are in the early stages, with no reported rulings on free speech defenses as of the date of this writing. Some courts have rejected First Amendment challenges to similar state laws. Those courts ruled that while the laws restricted protected expression, they served compelling government interests without burdening too much protected speech.

Data Protection

Congress has enacted statutes that regulate data collected by certain industries or data that fall within certain categories. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act imposes data protection obligations on financial institutions, and the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act regulates the online collection and use of information about children younger than 13. In addition, the Federal Trade Commission sometimes brings enforcement actions alleging that companies' data protection practices constitute "unfair or deceptive acts or practices." Congress has not enacted a comprehensive data protection law.

Legal Protections for Hosting or Restricting Speech

The First Amendment protects the right to create, circulate, or receive content online by constraining the government's ability to regulate this activity. The Supreme Court has also recognized a right of editorial control when private platforms choose whether or how to publish others' speech. In addition, courts have interpreted Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 to bar liability for publishing, promoting, restricting, and sometimes even editing third-party content. Section 230 does not bar liability if a social media platform helps develop content, and it contains exceptions allowing certain types of lawsuits.

State Regulation of Social Media

Some states have adopted laws regulating social media platforms and online content. As discussed below, courts have enjoined (i.e., barred) enforcement of some of these laws while legal challenges to them are litigated.

Some laws have attempted to address the content hosted online. For instance, the California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act (CAADCA) requires covered sites to assess and mitigate the risk their product will expose children to harmful content. Florida and Texas have enacted laws restricting online platforms' ability to moderate user content. Texas's law, for example, prohibits covered platforms from censoring users based on viewpoint.

Other state laws have focused not on specific content moderation decisions but on broader questions of who can access websites and how content is delivered to users. Many of these laws are aimed at protecting children. Some states have adopted laws requiring social media sites to verify a user's age and obtain parental consent. Other state laws require age verification only for sites with a certain amount of sexually explicit content, or limit the use of features that may be addictive or otherwise harmful.

Some states have enacted data privacy laws that apply broadly to the online collection or processing of personal data. These laws often create individual rights to limit how companies use personal data, such as a right to opt out of the use of personal data for targeted advertising.

Considerations for Congress

Past policy discussions have centered on whether and how to regulate social media platforms and the user-generated content they host and distribute. Bills in the 118th Congress would have amended Section 230, regulated platforms' content moderation procedures, created transparency requirements, and supported third-party research of social media platforms. For example, the Kids Online Safety Act—versions of which were passed by the Senate as part of the Kids Online Safety and Privacy Act in July 2024 (S. 2073) and ordered to be reported to the House in September 2024 (H.R. 7891)—would have imposed a "duty of care" and other regulations on certain online platforms reasonably likely to be used by minors.

First Amendment Litigation

Courts have enjoined some state laws on First Amendment grounds, preventing them from going into effect. The Supreme Court weighed in on the Florida and Texas content moderation laws in Moody v. NetChoice, LLC, 144 S. Ct. 2383 (2024), holding that some applications of the laws affect platforms' protected rights to make editorial decisions about the content they display. The Court opined that when Facebook and YouTube decide which third-party content to display and how to organize that content, they are making constitutionally protected expressive choices. Other laws limiting platforms' ability to host or exclude speech could infringe this right of editorial control.

Apart from editorial control concerns, courts may apply heightened constitutional scrutiny to laws that target specific types of online content. This heightened scrutiny makes it more difficult for the government to establish that a challenged law is constitutional. Specifically, courts usually consider a content-based law—one that applies to speech based on its subject matter, topic, or viewpoint—to be presumptively unconstitutional. As mentioned, however, the government generally can prohibit so-called "unprotected" categories of speech such as obscenity. In January, the Supreme Court heard arguments in a case, Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton, involving a Texas age-verification requirement for certain websites. Because the law is aimed at protecting minors from sexually explicit content, a lower court held that it is not subject to heightened scrutiny and is constitutional. The parties challenging that ruling argue that the law unconstitutionally burdens adults' right to access non-obscene sexual expression online.

Disclosure requirements may be subject to a different constitutional analysis. Federal appeals courts largely upheld disclosure provisions in Texas's and Florida's laws after evaluating them under a lower level of constitutional scrutiny that applies to commercial speech. In contrast, a different federal appeals court concluded California's CAADCA violated the First Amendment by requiring covered businesses to report on the risk that their services expose children to harmful content. The court held this requirement reached beyond commercial speech.

Laws regulating content moderation procedures without focusing on the subject matter or ideas in that content might trigger a lower standard of constitutional review. Laws that are content neutral—that do not turn on a particular topic or viewpoint—are usually subject to a less demanding First Amendment test that is easier for the government to satisfy.

Policy Considerations

In addition to constitutional considerations, policy considerations for Congress may include (1) addressing concerns regarding social media platforms and content, such as the spread of harmful content and misinformation and data privacy; (2) ensuring a viable consumer-focused tech sector driven by innovation and competitiveness; and (3) addressing the question of federal regulatory authority over social media platforms.

Congress may weigh a range of options to address concerns. For example, Congress may continue to support the current mix of federal and state regulation and industry self-regulation. Congress may also exercise oversight of existing regulatory frameworks, conducting investigations and hearings on the industry practice and agency enforcement. Congress might incentivize social media companies to establish voluntary or collaborative rules and standards as a response to the pressure of stakeholders, the public, or potential litigation. Congress may assess court opinions in litigations related to social media and determine whether Congress should provide legislative solutions. Lastly, Congress may enact legislation that would provide specific regulatory authority to federal agencies. If Congress chooses to legislate, considerations may include the following:

Covered Entities. Whether to cover entities operating large social media platforms (e.g., those with a certain number of active users or specific revenue thresholds), some other subset of platforms, all social media platforms, or all online platforms.
Content Moderation. Whether to prohibit content moderation, require moderation of defined harmful content, or provide flexibility regarding the choice of moderated content. Congress might consider whether to amend Section 230, for example, by reforming liability protections for social media platforms' content moderation practices. Congress might consider imposing transparency and accountability requirements, such as disclosing social media algorithms and content moderation practices. Congress might also address users' rights regarding what content they see.
Enforcement. Whether an existing agency (e.g., the Federal Trade Commission or Federal Communications Commission) or a new agency would enforce new requirements established in law. Congress might also consider whether to include a private right of action allowing lawsuits for violations of the law.

Disclaimer:
These documents were prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

Florida Status Laws:

501.1736 Social media use for minors.—

(1) As used in this section, the term:

(a) “Account holder” means a resident who opens an account or creates a profile or is identified by the social media platform by a unique identifier while using or accessing a social media platform when the social media platform knows or has reason to believe the resident is located in this state.

(b) “Daily active users” means the number of unique users in the United States who used the online forum, website, or application at least 80 percent of the days during the previous 12 months, or, if the online forum, website, or application did not exist during the previous 12 months, the number of unique users in the United States who used the online forum, website, or application at least 80 percent of the days during the previous month.

(d) “Resident” means a person who lives in this state for more than 6 months of the year.

(e) “Social media platform” means an online forum, website, or application that satisfies each of the following criteria:

1. Allows users to upload content or view the content or activity of other users;

2. Ten percent or more of the daily active users who are younger than 16 years of age spend on average 2 hours per day or longer on the online forum, website, or application on the days when using the online forum, website, or application during the previous 12 months or, if the online forum, website, or application did not exist during the previous 12 months, during the previous month;

3. Employs algorithms that analyze user data or information on users to select content for users; and

4. Has any of the following addictive features:

a. Infinite scrolling, which means either:

(I) Continuously loading content, or content that loads as the user scrolls down the page without the need to open a separate page; or

(II) Seamless content, or the use of pages with no visible or apparent end or page breaks.

b. Push notifications or alerts sent by the online forum, website, or application to inform a user about specific activities or events related to the user’s account.

c. Displays personal interactive metrics that indicate the number of times other users have clicked a button to indicate their reaction to content or have shared or reposted the content.

d. Auto-play video or video that begins to play without the user first clicking on the video or on a play button for that video.

e. Live-streaming or a function that allows a user or advertiser to broadcast live video content in real-time.

The term does not include an online service, website, or application where the exclusive function is e-mail or direct messaging consisting of text, photographs, pictures, images, or videos shared only between the sender and the recipients, without displaying or posting publicly or to other users not specifically identified as the recipients by the sender.

(2)(a) A social media platform shall prohibit a minor who is younger than 14 years of age from entering into a contract with a social media platform to become an account holder.

(b) A social media platform shall:

1. Terminate any account held by an account holder younger than 14 years of age, including accounts that the social media platform treats or categorizes as belonging to an account holder who is likely younger than 14 years of age for purposes of targeting content or advertising, and provide 90 days for an account holder to dispute such termination. Termination must be effective upon the expiration of the 90 days if the account holder fails to effectively dispute the termination.

2. Allow an account holder younger than 14 years of age to request to terminate the account. Termination must be effective within 5 business days after such request.

3. Allow the confirmed parent or guardian of an account holder younger than 14 years of age to request that the minor’s account be terminated. Termination must be effective within 10 business days after such request.

4. Permanently delete all personal information held by the social media platform relating to the terminated account, unless there are legal requirements to maintain such information.

(3)(a) A social media platform shall prohibit a minor who is 14 or 15 years of age from entering into a contract with a social media platform to become an account holder, unless the minor’s parent or guardian provides consent for the minor to become an account holder.

(b) A social media platform shall:

1. Terminate any account held by an account holder who is 14 or 15 years of age, including accounts that the social media platform treats or categorizes as belonging to an account holder who is likely 14 or 15 years of age for purposes of targeting content or advertising, if the account holder’s parent or guardian has not provided consent for the minor to create or maintain the account. The social media platform shall provide 90 days for an account holder to dispute such termination. Termination must be effective upon the expiration of the 90 days if the account holder fails to effectively dispute the termination.

2. Allow an account holder who is 14 or 15 years of age to request to terminate the account. Termination must be effective within 5 business days after such request.

3. Allow the confirmed parent or guardian of an account holder who is 14 or 15 years of age to request that the minor’s account be terminated. Termination must be effective within 10 business days after such request.

4. Permanently delete all personal information held by the social media platform relating to the terminated account, unless there are legal requirements to maintain such information.

(4) If a court enjoins the enforcement of subsection (3) or would otherwise enjoin enforcement of any other provision of this section due to subsection (3), then subsection (3) shall be severed, and the following shall come into effect:

(a) A social media platform shall prohibit a minor who is 14 or 15 years of age from entering into a contract with a social media platform to become an account holder.

(b) A social media platform shall:

1. Terminate any account held by an account holder who is 14 or 15 years of age, including accounts that the social media platform treats or categorizes as belonging to an account holder who is likely 14 or 15 years of age for purposes of targeting content or advertising, and provide 90 days for an account holder to dispute such termination. Termination must be effective upon the expiration of 90 days if the account holder fails to effectively dispute the termination.

2. Allow an account holder who is 14 or 15 years of age to request to terminate the account. Termination must be effective within 5 business days after such request.

4. Permanently delete all personal information held by the social media platform relating to the terminated account, unless there are legal requirements to maintain such information.

(5) Any knowing or reckless violation of subsection (2), subsection (3), or, if in effect, subsection (4) is deemed an unfair and deceptive trade practice actionable under part II of this chapter solely by the department against a social media platform. If the department has reason to believe that a social media platform is in violation of subsection (2), subsection (3), or, if in effect, subsection (4), the department, as the enforcing authority, may bring an action against such platform for an unfair or deceptive act or practice. For the purpose of bringing an action pursuant to this section, ss. 501.211 and 501.212 do not apply. In addition to other remedies under part II of this chapter, the department may collect a civil penalty of up to $50,000 per violation and reasonable attorney fees and court costs. When the social media platform’s failure to comply with subsection (2), subsection (3), or, if in effect, subsection (4) is a consistent pattern of knowing or reckless conduct, punitive damages may be assessed against the social media platform.

(6)(a) A social media platform that knowingly or recklessly violates subsection (2), subsection (3), or, if in effect, subsection (4) is liable to the minor account holder, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees as ordered by the court. Claimants may be awarded up to $10,000 in damages.

(b) A civil action for a claim under this subsection must be brought within 1 year from the date the complainant knew, or reasonably should have known, of the alleged violation.

(7) For purposes of bringing an action under this section, a social media platform that allows a minor account holder younger than 14 years of age or a minor account holder who is 14 or 15 years of age to create an account on such platform is considered to be both engaged in substantial and not isolated activities within this state and operating, conducting, engaging in, or carrying on a business and doing business in this state, and is therefore subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state.

(8) If a social media platform allows an account holder to use the social media platform, the parties have entered into a contract.

(9) This section does not preclude any other available remedy at law or equity.

(10)(a) If, by its own inquiry or as a result of complaints, the department has reason to believe that an entity or person has engaged in, or is engaging in, an act or practice that violates this section, the department may administer oaths and affirmations, subpoena witnesses or matter, and collect evidence. Within 5 days, excluding weekends and legal holidays, after the service of a subpoena or at any time before the return date specified therein, whichever is longer, the party served may file in the circuit court in the county in which it resides or in which it transacts business and serve upon the enforcing authority a petition for an order modifying or setting aside the subpoena. The petitioner may raise any objection or privilege which would be available upon service of such subpoena in a civil action. The subpoena shall inform the party served of its rights under this subsection.

(b) If the matter that the department seeks to obtain by subpoena is located outside the state, the entity or person subpoenaed may make it available to the department or its representative to examine the matter at the place where it is located. The department may designate representatives, including officials of the state in which the matter is located, to inspect the matter on its behalf and may respond to similar requests from officials of other states.

(c) Upon failure of an entity or person without lawful excuse to obey a subpoena and upon reasonable notice to all persons affected, the department may apply to the circuit court for an order compelling compliance.

(d) The department may request that an entity or person that refuses to comply with a subpoena on the ground that testimony or matter may incriminate the entity or person be ordered by the court to provide the testimony or matter. Except in a prosecution for perjury, an entity or individual that complies with a court order to provide testimony or matter after asserting a valid privilege against self-incrimination shall not have the testimony or matter so provided, or evidence derived therefrom, received against the entity or person in any criminal investigation or proceeding.

(e) Any entity or person upon whom a subpoena is served pursuant to this section shall comply with the terms thereof unless otherwise provided by order of the court. Any entity or person that fails to appear with the intent to avoid, evade, or prevent compliance in whole or in part with any investigation under this part or who removes from any place, conceals, withholds, mutilates, alters, or destroys, or by any other means falsifies any documentary material in the possession, custody, or control of any entity or person subject to any such subpoena, or knowingly conceals any relevant information with the intent to avoid, evade, or prevent compliance shall be liable for a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 per week in violation, reasonable attorney fees, and costs.

(11)(a) All information held by the department pursuant to a notification of a violation of this section or an investigation of a violation of this section is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution, until such time as the investigation is completed or ceases to be active. This exemption shall be construed in conformity with s. 119.071(2)(c).

(b) During an active investigation, information made confidential and exempt pursuant to paragraph (a) may be disclosed by the department:

1. In the furtherance of its official duties and responsibilities;

2. For print, publication, or broadcast if the department determines that such release would assist in notifying the public or locating or identifying a person that the department believes to be a victim of an improper use or disposal of customer records, except that information made confidential and exempt by paragraph (c) may not be released pursuant to this subparagraph; or

3. To another governmental entity in the furtherance of its official duties and responsibilities.

(c) Upon completion of an investigation or once an investigation ceases to be active, the following information held by the department shall remain confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution:

1. Information that is otherwise confidential or exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution.

2. Personal identifying information.

3. A computer forensic report.

4. Information that would otherwise reveal weaknesses in the data security of a social media platform.

5. Information that would disclose the proprietary information of a social media platform.

(d) For purposes of this section, the term “proprietary information” means information that:

1. Is owned or controlled by the social media platform.

2. Is intended to be private and is treated by the social media platform as private because disclosure would harm the social media platform or its business operations.

3. Has not been disclosed except as required by law or a private agreement that provides that the information will not be released to the public.

4. Is not publicly available or otherwise readily ascertainable through proper means from another source in the same configuration as received by the department.

5. Reveals competitive interests, the disclosure of which would impair the competitive advantage of the social media platform that is the subject of the information.

(e) This subsection is subject to the Open Government Sunset Review Act in accordance with s. 119.15 and shall stand repealed on October 2, 2029, unless reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature.

(12) The department may adopt rules to implement this section.

History.—s. 1, ch. 2024-42; s. 1, ch. 2024-54.

State Laws of Social Media by civil Federal laws in United States of America:

State laws for social media

As of July 2026: at least 20 states have enacted laws addressing minors’ social media access, addictive feeds, age-appropriate design, or closely related online-safety obligations but litigation has left the landscape split between (a) laws currently enforceable, (b) laws enjoined, and (c) laws enacted but not yet in force (or awaiting rulemaking). The current overall trend is that rapid an evolving legislative momentum is outpacing constitutional clarity & associated challenges.

Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this article is accurate, neither its authors nor The AVPA Ltd. accepts responsibility for any errors or omissions. The content of this article is for general information only, and is not intended to constitute or be relied upon as legal advice.

Information is believed to be correct as of (May 2026)

1. Colorado	HB24-1136	Currently Injuncted
2. Connecticut	Connecticut General Assembly, SB 3	1st October 2024
3. Texas	HB 18	1st September 2024 enjoined pending appeal
4. Maryland	Consumer Protection – Online Products and Services – Data of Children (Maryland Kids Code), HB603 Consumer Protection – Online Products and Services – Data of Children (Maryland Kids Code), SB571	1st October 2024 1st October 2024
5. Utah	HB 464 SB 194	1st October 2024 1st October 2024
6. Mississippi	Walker Montgomery Protecting Children Online Act, HB 1126	17th April 2025
7. Minnesota	MN HF3488	1st July 2025
8. Virginia	SB 854	Preliminarily enjoined (Feb 2026) with appeal active
9. Nebraska	LB 383 LB 504 – AADC Act	Partially enjoined In Effect Jan. 1, 2026 with penalties beginning July 1, 2026
10. Florida	HB 3	Largely enforceable pending appeal with merits still to be resolved
11. Georgia	SB 351	Currently Injuncted (part of broader Netchoice litigation cluster)
12. Tennessee	Public Chapter 899	In force; appellate proceedings active as of Feb 2026
13. Arkansas	SB 396 Act 900 Act 901	Permanently Enjoined Preliminarily Enjoined Preliminarily Enjoined
14. Ohio	Parental Notification by Social Media Operators Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1349.09	Currently Injuncted
15. New York	New York SAFE for Kids Act	Rulemaking still ongoing; not yet in force
16. Louisiana	Act 456	Permanently Enjoined
17. California	SB 976 – Protecting Our Kids from Social Media Addiction Act AB 1043 – Digital Age Assurance Act AB-2273 – California Age Appropriate Design Code Act	Phased implementation (rulemaking underway); major age-assurance obligation begins Jan 1, 2027; partially litigated Effective 2027 Partially enforceable following Ninth Circuit ruling; key provisions remain enjoined; ongoing litigation
18. South Carolina	H3402- Age Appropriate Design Code Act	Signed February 5, 2026 with immediate effect. NetChoice complaint filed Feb. 9, 2026; PI motion filed Mar. 9, 2026
19. Vermont	S69 / Act 63 – Vermont AADC Act	Signed June 12, 2025, Effective January 1, 2027
20. Idaho	HB 542 – Stop Harms from Addictive Social Media Act	Effective July 1, 2026

1st July, 2023 (Minors’ Data – October 1, 2024)

Connecticut SB 3: Imposes minors-focused obligations on “social media platforms” (as defined in SB 3) within Connecticut’s privacy framework, including enhanced rights/controls for minors and related platform obligations; it is not a universal “parental-consent-to-open-an-account” statute.

1st June 2024

HB24-1136: Certain social media platforms must display a large pop-up to users under 18 when the users open the platform for the first time that day. The platforms must then display another warning every 30 minutes. The law is currently stayed, following a recent challenge from NetChoice.

1st September 2024

Texas HB 18: requires digital service providers such as social media platforms to get consent from a parent or guardian before entering into an agreement with minors younger than 18, including to create an account. (Currently enjoined pending appeal.)

1st October 2024

Maryland Kids Code: requires social media platforms requires covered online products/services reasonably likely to be accessed by children to set default high privacy settings for users under 16, ban the collection of children’s data for personalised content and ensure age-appropriate design. (In effect; NetChoice litigation is ongoing and a motion-to-dismiss was denied, but no court order enjoining the Act was identified in current checks.)

Utah HB 464 & SB 194: The Social Media Regulation Act requires parental consent for minors to create social media accounts and mandates age verification by social media companies. It also restricts social media use between 10:30 PM and 6:30 AM for users under 18 without parental consent. (Currently enjoined; appeal pending.)

17th April 2025

Mississippi Walker Montgomery Protecting Children Online Act, HB 1126: Requires social media platforms to verify users’ ages via “commercially reasonable efforts,” obtain parental consent for minors, limit data collection and targeted advertising for under-18 users, and implement strategies to shield minors from harmful content. (Enforcement allowed to proceed during litigation but merits remain unresolved)

1st July 2025

Minnesota MN HF3488: Sets rules for compensating minors who contribute to online content creation. It requires content creators to keep records and set aside earnings for minors, and it allows for legal action against violators. Also mandates the removal of content featuring minors upon request.

1st January 2026

Virginia SB 854: Requires social media platforms to determine if users are under 16 and limit minors to one hour per day unless parents adjust settings; violations subject to civil penalties. (preliminarily enjoined Feb. 27, 2026; appeal/litigation active)

1st July 2026

Nebraska LB 383: Requires social media platforms to verify users’ ages and obtain parental consent before allowing minors to create accounts, with parents granted rights to monitor activity and control settings.

February 2, 2026

South Carolina H3402: Age Appropriate Design Code Act signed with immediate effect and an immediate court challenge

TBC

New York SAFE for Kids Act: Requires social media platforms to determine users’ ages and gain parental consent before providing minors with algorithmic feeds, and restricts overnight notifications to children without consent. (Effective date is tied to final NY AG regulations; rulemaking was still in progress as of late 2025.)

Florida HB 3: Requires social media platforms to verify users’ ages, obtain parental consent for users under 18, protect minors’ personal data, and limit their exposure to harmful content. (A district-court preliminary injunction issued in June 2025 was later stayed on appeal; key provisions are currently enforceable pending continued litigation.)

Tennessee Public Chapter 899: Requires social media companies to verify the age of users attempting to create or maintain accounts. It mandates that platforms obtain parental consent for minors under 18 and enforces stricter privacy and safety measures for these users. The law aims to protect minors from potential online harms by ensuring that social media companies comply with these new regulations. (In force; appellate proceedings are active as of Feb 2026.)

Georgia SB 351: Known as the “Protecting Georgia’s Children on Social Media Act of 2024,” requires social media platforms to implement age verification processes for users, mandates parental consent for minors to create accounts, and restricts social media use in schools. (Preliminarily enjoined June 26, 2025.)

Louisiana Act 456: Requires social media platforms to impose limitations and restrictions on certain accounts, implement age verification for account holders, and obtain parental consent. Permanently enjoined (Dec 2025)

California SB 976: Regulates algorithmic “addictive feeds” provided to minors rather than restricting account access. Social media platforms may not provide an addictive feed to a minor unless they have verifiable parental consent or reasonably determine the user is not a minor. The law also restricts late-night notifications and requires safety controls for minors. California DOJ rulemaking is underway, and platforms must implement age-determination measures by January 1, 2027. Portions of the law have been litigated, but core provisions remain in effect.

There have also been bills introduced attempting to regulate “addictive feeds.”: These propose to limit algorithmic feeds for minors. These include bills in Arkansas, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, North Carolina, Virginia, and Washington.

PLEASE NOTE This page summarises current law and proposals and does not constitute legal advice. Always consult independent legal advisers before making compliance decisions.

Music Copyright Laws:

Subchapter A — Definitions

1001. Definitions

As used in this chapter, the following terms have the following meanings:

(1) A “digital audio copied recording” is a reproduction in a digital recording format of a digital musical recording, whether that reproduction is made directly from another digital musical recording or indirectly from a transmission.

(2) A “digital audio interface device” is any machine or device that is designed specifically to communicate digital audio information and related interface data to a digital audio recording device through a nonprofessional interface.

(3) A “digital audio recording device” is any machine or device of a type commonly distributed to individuals for use by individuals, whether or not included with or as part of some other machine or device, the digital recording function of which is designed or marketed for the primary purpose of, and that is capable of, making a digital audio copied recording for private use, except for—

(A) professional model products, and

(B) dictation machines, answering machines, and other audio recording equipment that is designed and marketed primarily for the creation of sound recordings resulting from the fixation of nonmusical sounds.

(4) (A) A “digital audio recording medium” is any material object in a form commonly distributed for use by individuals, that is primarily marketed or most commonly used by consumers for the purpose of making digital audio copied recordings by use of a digital audio recording device.

(B) Such term does not include any material object—

(i) that embodies a sound recording at the time it is first distributed by the importer or manufacturer; or

(ii) that is primarily marketed and most commonly used by consumers either for the purpose of making copies of motion pictures or other audiovisual works or for the purpose of making copies of nonmusical literary works, including computer programs or data bases.

(5) (A) A “digital musical recording” is a material object—

(i) in which are fixed, in a digital recording format, only sounds, and material, statements, or instructions incidental to those fixed sounds, if any, and

(ii) from which the sounds and material can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device.

(B) A “digital musical recording” does not include a material object—

(i) in which the fixed sounds consist entirely of spoken word recordings, or

(ii) in which one or more computer programs are fixed, except that a digital musical recording may contain statements or instructions constituting the fixed sounds and incidental material, and statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in order to bring about the perception, reproduction, or communication of the fixed sounds and incidental material.

(i) a “spoken word recording” is a sound recording in which are fixed only a series of spoken words, except that the spoken words may be accompanied by incidental musical or other sounds, and

(ii) the term “incidental” means related to and relatively minor by comparison.

(6) “Distribute” means to sell, lease, or assign a product to consumers in the United States, or to sell, lease, or assign a product in the United States for ultimate transfer to consumers in the United States.

(7) An “interested copyright party” is—

(A) the owner of the exclusive right under section 106(1) of this title to reproduce a sound recording of a musical work that has been embodied in a digital musical recording or analog musical recording lawfully made under this title that has been distributed;

(B) the legal or beneficial owner of, or the person that controls, the right to reproduce in a digital musical recording or analog musical recording a musical work that has been embodied in a digital musical recording or analog musical recording lawfully made under this title that has been distributed;

(D) any association or other organization—

(i) representing persons specified in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C), or

(ii) engaged in licensing rights in musical works to music users on behalf of writers and publishers.

(8) To “manufacture” means to produce or assemble a product in the United States. A “manufacturer” is a person who manufactures.

(9) A “music publisher” is a person that is authorized to license the reproduction of a particular musical work in a sound recording.

(10) A “professional model product” is an audio recording device that is designed, manufactured, marketed, and intended for use by recording professionals in the ordinary course of a lawful business, in accordance with such requirements as the Secretary of Commerce shall establish by regulation.

(11) The term “serial copying” means the duplication in a digital format of a copyrighted musical work or sound recording from a digital reproduction of a digital musical recording. The term “digital reproduction of a digital musical recording” does not include a digital musical recording as distributed, by authority of the copyright owner, for ultimate sale to consumers.

(12) The “transfer price” of a digital audio recording device or a digital audio recording medium—

(A) is, subject to subparagraph (B)—

(i) in the case of an imported product, the actual entered value at United States Customs (exclusive of any freight, insurance, and applicable duty), and

(ii) in the case of a domestic product, the manufacturer’s transfer price (FOB the manufacturer, and exclusive of any direct sales taxes or excise taxes incurred in connection with the sale); and

(B) shall, in a case in which the transferor and transferee are related entities or within a single entity, not be less than a reasonable arms-length price under the principles of the regulations adopted pursuant to section 482 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any successor provision to such section.

(13) A “writer” is the composer or lyricist of a particular musical work.

Subchapter B — Copying Controls

1002. Incorporation of copying controls

(a) Prohibition on Importation, Manufacture, and Distribution.— No person shall import, manufacture, or distribute any digital audio recording device or digital audio interface device that does not conform to—

(1) the Serial Copy Management System;

(2) a system that has the same functional characteristics as the Serial Copy Management System and requires that copyright and generation status information be accurately sent, received, and acted upon between devices using the system’s method of serial copying regulation and devices using the Serial Copy Management System; or

(3) any other system certified by the Secretary of Commerce as prohibiting unauthorized serial copying.

(b) Development of Verification Procedure.—The Secretary of Commerce shall establish a procedure to verify, upon the petition of an interested party, that a system meets the standards set forth in subsection (a)(2).

(c) Prohibition on Circumvention of the System.—No person shall import, manufacture, or distribute any device, or offer or perform any service, the primary purpose or effect of which is to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, or otherwise circumvent any program or circuit which implements, in whole or in part, a system described in subsection (a).

(d) Encoding of Information on Digital Musical Recordings.—

(1) Prohibition on encoding inaccurate information.—No person shall encode a digital musical recording of a sound recording with inaccurate information relating to the category code, copyright status, or generation status of the source material for the recording.

(2) Encoding of copyright status not required.—Nothing in this chapter requires any person engaged in the importation or manufacture of digital musical recordings to encode any such digital musical recording with respect to its copyright status.

(e) Information Accompanying Transmission in Digital Format.— Any person who transmits or otherwise communicates to the public any sound recording in digital format is not required under this chapter to transmit or otherwise communicate the information relating to the copyright status of the sound recording. Any such person who does transmit or otherwise communicate such copyright status information shall transmit or communicate such information accurately.

Subchapter C — Royalty Payments

1003. Obligation to make royalty payments

(a) Prohibition on Importation and Manufacture.—No person shall import into and distribute, or manufacture and distribute, any digital audio recording device or digital audio recording medium unless such person records the notice specified by this section and subsequently deposits the statements of account and applicable royalty payments for such device or medium specified in section 1004.

(b) Filing of Notice.—The importer or manufacturer of any digital audio recording device or digital audio recording medium, within a product category or utilizing a technology with respect to which such manufacturer or importer has not previously filed a notice under this subsection, shall file with the Register of Copyrights a notice with respect to such device or medium, in such form and content as the Register shall prescribe by regulation.

(1) Generally.—Any importer or manufacturer that distributes any digital audio recording device or digital audio recording medium that it manufactured or imported shall file with the Register of Copyrights, in such form and content as the Register shall prescribe by regulation, such quarterly and annual statements of account with respect to such distribution as the Register shall prescribe by regulation.

(2) Certification, verification, and confidentiality.—Each such statement shall be certified as accurate by an authorized officer or principal of the importer or manufacturer. The Register shall issue regulations to provide for the verification and audit of such statements and to protect the confidentiality of the information contained in such statements. Such regulations shall provide for the disclosure, in confidence, of such statements to interested copyright parties.

(3) Royalty payments.—Each such statement shall be accompanied by the royalty payments specified in section 1004.

1004. Royalty payments2

(a) Digital Audio Recording Devices.—

(1) Amount of payment.—The royalty payment due under section 1003 for each digital audio recording device imported into and distributed in the United States, or manufactured and distributed in the United States, shall be 2 percent of the transfer price. Only the first person to manufacture and distribute or import and distribute such device shall be required to pay the royalty with respect to such device.

(2) Calculation for devices distributed with other devices.— With respect to a digital audio recording device first distributed in combination with one or more devices, either as a physically integrated unit or as separate components, the royalty payment shall be calculated as follows:

(A) If the digital audio recording device and such other devices are part of a physically integrated unit, the royalty payment shall be based on the transfer price of the unit, but shall be reduced by any royalty payment made on any digital audio recording device included within the unit that was not first distributed in combination with the unit.

(B) If the digital audio recording device is not part of a physically integrated unit and substantially similar devices have been distributed separately at any time during the preceding 4 calendar quarters, the royalty payment shall be based on the average transfer price of such devices during those 4 quarters.

(C) If the digital audio recording device is not part of a physically integrated unit and substantially similar devices have not been distributed separately at any time during the preceding 4 calendar quarters, the royalty payment shall be based on a constructed price reflecting the proportional value of such device to the combination as a whole.

(3) Limits on royalties.—Notwithstanding paragraph (1) or (2), the amount of the royalty payment for each digital audio recording device shall not be less than $1 nor more than the royalty maximum. The royalty maximum shall be $8 per device, except that in the case of a physically integrated unit containing more than 1 digital audio recording device, the royalty maximum for such unit shall be $12. During the 6th year after the effective date of this chapter, and not more than once each year thereafter, any interested copyright party may petition the Copyright Royalty Judges to increase the royalty maximum and, if more than 20 percent of the royalty payments are at the relevant royalty maximum, the Copyright Royalty Judges shall prospectively increase such royalty maximum with the goal of having no more than 10 percent of such payments at the new royalty maximum; however the amount of any such increase as a percentage of the royalty maximum shall in no event exceed the percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index during the period under review.

(b) Digital Audio Recording Media.—The royalty payment due under section 1003 for each digital audio recording medium imported into and distributed in the United States, or manufactured and distributed in the United States, shall be 3 percent of the transfer price. Only the first person to manufacture and distribute or import and distribute such medium shall be required to pay the royalty with respect to such medium.

1005. Deposit of royalty payments and deduction of expenses3

The Register of Copyrights shall receive all royalty payments deposited under this chapter and, after deducting the reasonable costs incurred by the Copyright Office under this chapter, shall deposit the balance in the Treasury of the United States as offsetting receipts, in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury directs. All funds held by the Secretary of the Treasury shall be invested in interest-bearing United States securities for later distribution with interest under section 1007. The Register may, in the Register’s discretion, 4 years after the close of any calendar year, close out the royalty payments account for that calendar year, and may treat any funds remaining in such account and any subsequent deposits that would otherwise be attributable to that calendar year as attributable to the succeeding calendar year.

1006. Entitlement to royalty payments4

(a) Interested Copyright Parties.—The royalty payments deposited pursuant to section 1005 shall, in accordance with the procedures specified in section 1007, be distributed to any interested copyright party—

(1) whose musical work or sound recording has been—

(A) embodied in a digital musical recording or an analog musical recording lawfully made under this title that has been distributed, and

(B) distributed in the form of digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings or disseminated to the public in transmissions, during the period to which such payments pertain; and

(2) who has filed a claim under section 1007.

(b) Allocation of Royalty Payments to Groups.—The royalty payments shall be divided into 2 funds as follows:

(1) The sound recordings fund.—66⅔ percent of the royalty payments shall be allocated to the Sound Recordings Fund. 2⅝ percent of the royalty payments allocated to the Sound Recordings Fund shall be placed in an escrow account managed by an independent administrator jointly appointed by the interested copyright parties described in section 1001(7)(A) and the American Federation of Musicians (or any successor entity) to be distributed to nonfeatured musicians (whether or not members of the American Federation of Musicians or any successor entity) who have performed on sound recordings distributed in the United States. 1⅜ percent of the royalty payments allocated to the Sound Recordings Fund shall be placed in an escrow account managed by an independent administrator jointly appointed by the interested copyright parties described in section 1001(7)(A) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (or any successor entity) to be distributed to nonfeatured vocalists (whether or not members of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists or any successor entity) who have performed on sound recordings distributed in the United States. 40 percent of the remaining royalty payments in the Sound Recordings Fund shall be distributed to the interested copyright parties described in section 1001(7)(C), and 60 percent of such remaining royalty payments shall be distributed to the interested copyright parties described in section 1001(7)(A).

(2) The Musical Works Fund.—

(A) 33⅓ percent of the royalty payments shall be allocated to the Musical Works Fund for distribution to interested copyright parties described in section 1001(7)(B).

(B)(i) Music publishers shall be entitled to 50 percent of the royalty payments allocated to the Musical Works Fund.

(ii) Writers shall be entitled to the other 50 percent of the royalty payments allocated to the Musical Works Fund.

(c) Allocation of Royalty Payments Within Groups.—If all interested copyright parties within a group specified in subsection (b) do not agree on a voluntary proposal for the distribution of the royalty payments within each group, the Copyright Royalty Judges shall, pursuant to the procedures specified under section 1007(c), allocate royalty payments under this section based on the extent to which, during the relevant period—

(1) for the Sound Recordings Fund, each sound recording was distributed in the form of digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings; and

(2) for the Musical Works Fund, each musical work was distributed in the form of digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings or disseminated to the public in transmissions.

1007. Procedures for distributing royalty payments5

(a) Filing of Claims and Negotiations.—

(1) Filing of claims.—During the first 2 months of each calendar year, every interested copyright party seeking to receive royalty payments to which such party is entitled under section 1006 shall file with the Copyright Royalty Judges a claim for payments collected during the preceding year in such form and manner as the Copyright Royalty Judges shall prescribe by regulation.

(2) Negotiations.—Notwithstanding any provision of the antitrust laws, for purposes of this section interested copyright parties within each group specified in section 1006(b) may agree among themselves to the proportionate division of royalty payments, may lump their claims together and file them jointly or as a single claim, or may designate a common agent, including any organization described in section 1001(D), to negotiate or receive payment on their behalf; except that no agreement under this subsection may modify the allocation of royalties specified in section 1006(b).

(b) Distribution of Payments in the Absence of a Dispute.—After the period established for the filing of claims under subsection (a), in each year, the Copyright Royalty Judges shall determine whether there exists a controversy concerning the distribution of royalty payments under section 1006(c). If the Copyright Royalty Judges determine that no such controversy exists, the Copyright Royalty Judges shall, within 30 days after such determination, authorize the distribution of the royalty payments as set forth in the agreements regarding the distribution of royalty payments entered into pursuant to subsection (a). The Librarian of Congress shall, before such royalty payments are distributed, deduct the reasonable administrative costs incurred under this section.

(c) Resolution of Disputes.—If the Copyright Royalty Judges find the existence of a controversy, the Copyright Royalty Judges shall, pursuant to chapter 8 of this title, conduct a proceeding to determine the distribution of royalty payments. During the pendency of such a proceeding, the Copyright Royalty Judges shall withhold from distribution an amount sufficient to satisfy all claims with respect to which a controversy exists, but shall, to the extent feasible, authorize the distribution of any amounts that are not in controversy. The Librarian of Congress shall, before such royalty payments are distributed, deduct the reasonable administrative costs incurred under this section.

Subchapter D — Prohibition on Certain Infringement Actions, Remedies, and Arbitration

1008. Prohibition on certain infringement actions

No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital audio recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.

1009. Civil remedies

(a) Civil Actions.—Any interested copyright party injured by a violation of section 1002 or 1003 may bring a civil action in an appropriate United States district court against any person for such violation.

(b) Other Civil Actions.—Any person injured by a violation of this chapter may bring a civil action in an appropriate United States district court for actual damages incurred as a result of such violation.

(1) may grant temporary and permanent injunctions on such terms as it deems reasonable to prevent or restrain such violation;

(2) in the case of a violation of section 1002, or in the case of an injury resulting from a failure to make royalty payments required by section 1003, shall award damages under subsection (d);

(3) in its discretion may allow the recovery of costs by or against any party other than the United States or an officer thereof; and

(4) in its discretion may award a reasonable attorney’s fee to the prevailing party.

(d) Award of Damages.—

(1) Damages for section 1002 or 1003 violations.—

(A) Actual damages.—

(i) In an action brought under subsection (a), if the court finds that a violation of section 1002 or 1003 has occurred, the court shall award to the complaining party its actual damages if the complaining party elects such damages at any time before final judgment is entered.

(ii) In the case of section 1003, actual damages shall constitute the royalty payments that should have been paid under section 1004 and deposited under section 1005. In such a case, the court, in its discretion, may award an additional amount of not to exceed 50 percent of the actual damages.

(B) Statutory damages for section 1002 violations.—

(i) Device.—A complaining party may recover an award of statutory damages for each violation of section 1002(a) or (c) in the sum of not more than $2,500 per device involved in such violation or per device on which a service prohibited by section 1002(c) has been performed, as the court considers just.

(ii) Digital musical recording.—A complaining party may recover an award of statutory damages for each violation of section 1002(d) in the sum of not more than $25 per digital musical recording involved in such violation, as the court considers just.

(iii) Transmission.—A complaining party may recover an award of damages for each transmission or communication that violates section 1002(e) in the sum of not more than $10,000, as the court considers just.

(2) Repeated violations.—In any case in which the court finds that a person has violated section 1002 or 1003 within 3 years after a final judgment against that person for another such violation was entered, the court may increase the award of damages to not more than double the amounts that would otherwise be awarded under paragraph (1), as the court considers just.

(3) Innocent violations of section 1002.—The court in its discretion may reduce the total award of damages against a person violating section 1002 to a sum of not less than $250 in any case in which the court finds that the violator was not aware and had no reason to believe that its acts constituted a violation of section 1002.

(e) Payment of Damages.—Any award of damages under subsection (d) shall be deposited with the Register pursuant to section 1005 for distribution to interested copyright parties as though such funds were royalty payments made pursuant to section 1003.

(f) Impounding of Articles.—At any time while an action under subsection (a) is pending, the court may order the impounding, on such terms as it deems reasonable, of any digital audio recording device, digital musical recording, or device specified in section 1002(c) that is in the custody or control of the alleged violator and that the court has reasonable cause to believe does not comply with, or was involved in a violation of, section 1002.

(g) Remedial Modification and Destruction of Articles.—In an action brought under subsection (a), the court may, as part of a final judgment or decree finding a violation of section 1002, order the remedial modification or the destruction of any digital audio recording device, digital musical recording, or device specified in section 1002(c) that—

(1) does not comply with, or was involved in a violation of, section 1002, and

(2) is in the custody or control of the violator or has been impounded under subsection (f).

1010. Determination of certain disputes6

(a) Scope of Determination.—Before the date of first distribution in the United States of a digital audio recording device or a digital audio interface device, any party manufacturing, importing, or distributing such device, and any interested copyright party may mutually agree to petition the Copyright Royalty Judges to determine whether such device is subject to section 1002, or the basis on which royalty payments for such device are to be made under section 1003.

(b) Initiation of Proceedings.—The parties under subsection (a) shall file the petition with the Copyright Royalty Judges requesting the commencement of a proceeding. Within 2 weeks after receiving such a petition, the Chief Copyright Royalty Judge shall cause notice to be published in the Federal Register of the initiation of the proceeding.

(c) Stay of Judicial Proceedings.—Any civil action brought under section 1009 against a party to a proceeding under this section shall, on application of one of the parties to the proceeding, be stayed until completion of the proceeding.

(d) Proceeding.—The Copyright Royalty Judges shall conduct a proceeding with respect to the matter concerned, in accordance with such procedures as the Copyright Royalty Judges may adopt. The Copyright Royalty Judges shall act on the basis of a fully documented written record. Any party to the proceeding may submit relevant information and proposals to the Copyright Royalty Judges. The parties to the proceeding shall each bear their respective costs of participation.

(e) Judicial Review.—Any determination of the Copyright Royalty Judges under subsection (d) may be appealed, by a party to the proceeding, in accordance with section 803(d) of this title. The pendency of an appeal under this subsection shall not stay the determination of the Copyright Royalty Judges. If the court modifies the determination of the Copyright Royalty Judges, the court shall have jurisdiction to enter its own decision in accordance with its final judgment. The court may further vacate the determination of the Copyright Royalty Judges and remand the case for proceedings as provided in this section.

Music Video and Recording:

1101. Unauthorized fixation and trafficking in sound recordings and music videos

(a) Unauthorized Acts.—Anyone who, without the consent of the performer or performers involved—

(1) fixes the sounds or sounds and images of a live musical performance in a copy or phonorecord, or reproduces copies or phonorecords of such a performance from an unauthorized fixation,

(2) transmits or otherwise communicates to the public the sounds or sounds and images of a live musical performance, or

(3) distributes or offers to distribute, sells or offers to sell, rents or offers to rent, or traffics in any copy or phonorecord fixed as described in paragraph (1), regardless of whether the fixations occurred in the United States,

shall be subject to the remedies provided in sections 502 through 505, to the same extent as an infringer of copyright.

(b) Definition.—In this section, the term “traffic” has the same meaning as in section 2320(e) of title 18.2

(c) Applicability.—This section shall apply to any act or acts that occur on or after the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.

(d) State Law Not Preempted.—Nothing in this section may be construed to annul or limit any rights or remedies under the common law or statutes of any State.

LGTB+ Laws:

We believe that people use their voice and connect more freely when they don't feel attacked on the basis of who they are. That is why we don't allow hateful conduct on Facebook, Instagram or Threads.

We define hateful conduct as direct attacks against people – rather than concepts or institutions – on the basis of what we call protected characteristics (PCs): race, ethnicity, national origin, disability, religious affiliation, caste, sexual orientation, sex, gender identity and serious disease. Additionally, we consider age a protected characteristic when referenced along with another protected characteristic. We also protect refugees, migrants, immigrants and asylum seekers from the most severe attacks (Tier 1 below), though we do allow commentary on and criticism of immigration policies. Similarly, we provide some protections for non-protected characteristics, such as occupation, when they are referenced along with a protected characteristic. Sometimes, based on local nuance, we consider certain words or phrases as frequently used proxies for protected characteristics.

We remove dehumanising speech, allegations of serious immorality or criminality, and slurs. We also remove harmful stereotypes, which we define as dehumanising comparisons that have historically been used to attack, intimidate or exclude specific groups, and that are often linked with offline violence. Finally, we remove serious insults, expressions of contempt or disgust, swearing and calls for exclusion or segregation when targeting people based on protected characteristics. We separate this speech into two tiers of severity, described below.

We recognise that people sometimes share content that includes slurs or someone else's speech in order to condemn the speech or report on it. In other cases, speech, including slurs, that might otherwise violate our standards is used self-referentially or in an empowering way. We allow this type of speech where the speaker's intention is clear. Where intention is unclear, we may remove content.

People sometimes use sex- or gender-exclusive language when discussing access to spaces often limited by sex or gender, such as access to bathrooms, specific schools, specific military, law enforcement or teaching roles, and health or support groups. Other times, they call for exclusion or use insulting language in the context of discussing political or religious topics, such as when discussing transgender rights, immigration or homosexuality. Finally, sometimes people curse at a gender in the context of a romantic break-up. Our policies are designed to allow room for these types of speech.

Do not post:

Tier 1

Content targeting a person or group of people (except groups described as having carried out violent or sexual crimes or representing less than half of a group) on the basis of their aforementioned protected characteristic(s) or immigration status in written or visual form with:

Dehumanising speech in the form of comparisons to or generalisations about animals, pathogens or other sub-human life forms, including:

Insects (including, but not limited to, cockroaches, locusts)
Animals in general or specific types of animals that are culturally perceived as inferior (including, but not limited to, Black people and apes or ape-like creatures; Jewish people and rats; Muslim people and pigs; Mexican people and worms)
Bacteria, viruses or microbes
Subhumanity (including, but not limited to: savages, devils, monsters)

Allegations of serious immorality and criminality:

Sexual predators and paedophiles (including, but not limited to: Muslim people having sex with goats or pigs)
Violent criminals (including but not limited to: terrorists, murderers)

Calls and hopes for the following harms (serious or specific threats and calls for violence are addressed under our Violence and Incitement policy):

Contracting a disease
Experiencing a natural disaster
Self-injury or suicide
Death without a perpetrator or method
Accidents and other physical harms caused either by no perpetrator or by a deity

Harmful stereotypes historically linked to intimidation or violence, such as Blackface; Holocaust denial; claims that Jewish people control financial, political or media institutions; references to Dalits as menial laborers; and comparing Black people to farm equipment.
Mocking the concept, events or victims of hate crimes even if no real person is depicted in an image.
Mocking people for having or experiencing a disease.
Content that describes or negatively targets people with slurs. Slurs are defined as words that inherently create an atmosphere of exclusion and intimidation against people on the basis of a protected characteristic, often because these words are tied to historical discrimination, oppression and violence.

Tier 2

Content targeting a person or group of people on the basis of their protected characteristic(s) (in written or visual form) with:

Calls or support for exclusion or segregation or statements of intent to exclude or segregate, defined as:

General exclusion, which means calling for general exclusion or segregation, such as "No X allowed!"
Political exclusion, which means denying the right to political participation or arguing for incarceration or denial of political rights.
Economic exclusion, which means denying access to economic entitlements and limiting participation in the labour market. We do allow content arguing for gender-based limitations of military, law enforcement and teaching jobs. We also allow the same content based on sexual orientation, when the content is based on religious beliefs.
Social exclusion, which means things like denying access to spaces (physical and online) and social services, except for sex or gender-based exclusion from spaces commonly limited by sex or gender, such as bathrooms, sports and sports leagues, health and support groups, and specific schools.

Insults, including those about:

Character, including but not limited to allegations of cowardice, dishonesty, basic criminality and sexual promiscuity or other sexual immorality.
Mental characteristics, including, but not limited to, allegations of stupidity, intellectual capacity and mental illness, and unsupported comparisons between PC groups on the basis of inherent intellectual capacity. We do allow allegations of mental illness or abnormality when based on gender or sexual orientation, given political and religious discourse about transgenderism and homosexuality and common non-serious usage of words such as "weird".
Other areas, including, but not limited to, allegations of worthlessness, uselessness, ugliness, dirtiness.

Expressions that suggest the target causes sickness, including, but not limited to, "make me vomit".
Targeted cursing, except certain gender-based cursing in a romantic break-up context, defined as:

Targeted use of "fuck" or variations of "fuck" with intent to insult, such as "Fuck the [Protected Characteristic]!"
Terms or phrases calling for engagement in sexual activity, or contact with genitalia, anus, faeces or urine, including, but not limited to, suck my dick, kiss my ass, eat shit.

For the following Community Standards, we require additional information and/or context to enforce:

Do not post:

Content explicitly providing or offering to provide products or services that aim to change people's sexual orientation or gender identity.
Content attacking concepts, institutions, ideas, practices or beliefs associated with protected characteristics, which are likely to contribute to imminent physical harm, intimidation or discrimination against the people associated with that protected characteristic. Meta looks at a range of signs to determine whether there is a threat of harm in the content. These include, but are not limited to, content that could incite imminent violence or intimidation; whether there is a period of heightened tension such as an election or ongoing conflict; and whether there is a recent history of violence against the targeted protected group. In some cases, we may also consider whether the speaker is a public figure or occupies a position of authority.

In certain cases, we will allow content that may otherwise violate the Community Standards when it is determined that the content is satirical. Content will only be allowed if the violating elements of the content are being satirised or attributed to something or someone else in order to mock or criticise them.

Note: If you are a European Union user and are seeing content that you believe violates hate speech laws within your country, you can submit a legal removal request to SlyxOne

As concerns arise regarding the effects of social media usage on children's mental health, state legislators are introducing measures to protect children while using the internet and internet-based forms of communication, including social media. The legislation includes bills and resolutions that:

Create study commissions and task forces.
Establish age-appropriate design codes and require impact assessments.
Require age verification or parental consent to open social media accounts.
Add digital and media literacy courses or curriculum for K-12 students.
Regulate the use of cellphones in schools.

Over 45 states and Puerto Rico introduced over 300 bills and resolutions, so far in 2025. At least 20 states enacted new laws in 2025, including:

Arkansas requires public school district and charter schools to establish a policy and exemptions regarding the student use of personal electronic devices during the school day.
Arizona enacted legislation requiring child-directed applications to prevent the display of inappropriate and mature advertisements.
A new California law requires covered platforms to display warning labels related to mental health at specific intervals for minors.
Connecticut requires social media platforms to incorporate an online safety center available for consumers that includes resources related to mental health and cyberbullying.
Texas requires a social media platform to remove explicit deep fake material on the platform following a complaint.
Utah enacted legislation which requires a parent or guardian establish a trust for a minor involved in entertainment; and establishes a right of action. Another new law in Utah requires app store providers to: verify user ages; obtain parental consent for minor accounts; notify users and parents of significant changes; share age and consent data with developers; and protect age verification data.
Virginia enacted legislation which requires that a controller or processor that operates a social media platform to perform age screening to determine whether a user is a minor and limit a minor's use of such social media platform to one hour per day.
Wyoming requires age verification for visiting websites with material harmful to minors and creates a cause of action on the minors behalf against the covered platform.

Social Media and Children 2025 Legislation
State and Summary	Bill Number	Bill Title	Bill Status	Bill Summary
Alabama	H 65	Public K-12 Education	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to education, requires the state Board of Education to adopt a model policy restricting the use of cell phones in public K-12 schools, requires each local board of education to adopt a policy based on that model.
Alabama	H 81	Public Education	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to public kindergarten through 12 education, requires state Board of Education to adopt model student cell phone use policy, requires local boards of education to adopt cell phone use and storage policy.
Alabama	H 166	Public Kindergarten	Enacted	Relates to public kindergarten through 12 grade education, prohibits the use, operation, and possession of wireless communication devices on certain public-school properties, requires local boards of education to adopt an Internet safety policy, requires students to complete a social media safety course prior to entering the eighth grade, repeals Section 16-1-27.
Alabama	H 235	Social Media	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns social media; prohibits individuals under 16 years of age from creating accounts, requires age verification; establishes penalties for violations.
Alabama	H 276	Social Media Platforms Account Termination	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns consumer protection; requires social media platforms terminate certain accounts; displays notifications; prohibits certain actions; relates to use of age verification; provides for certain tools; removes certain content; provides for penalties violations.
Alabama	S 92	Wireless Communication Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to public kindergarten through 12 grade education, prohibits the use, operation and possession of wireless communication devices on certain public-school properties, to require local boards of education to adopt an internet safety policy, requires students to complete a social media safety course prior to entering the eighth grade.
Alabama	H 317	Consumer Protection	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to consumer protection, app store providers and developers required to take certain actions related to age verification and parental consent, attorney general authorized to bring action for violations as deceptive trade practice, parents authorized to bring civil action.
Alabama	HJR 290	Study Commission	Failed - Adjourned	Appoints committee to create the study commission on protecting minors from online and technological threats.
Alabama	S 187	Consumer Protection	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to consumer protection, app store providers and developers required to take certain actions related to age verification and parental consent; provides that Attorney General authorized to bring action for violations as deceptive trade practice; provides that parent authorized to bring civil action.
Alaska	H 46	Electronic Applications	Pending - Carryover	Relates to minors; relates to the distribution and use of electronic applications.
Alaska	H 57	Communication Devices in Public Schools	Enacted	Relates to wireless telecommunications devices in public schools, provides for an effective date.
Alaska	H 76	Education Funding	Pending - Carryover	Relates to education, relates to public school attendance, relates to mobile communication in devices in schools, relates to reading proficiency incentive grants, relates to authorization of charter schools, relates to transportation of students, relates to school bond debt reimbursement, relates to funding and reporting by State Technical and Vocational Education Programs, authorizes lump sum payments for certain teachers as retention and recruitment incentives, provides for an effective date.
Alaska	S 18	Communication Devices in Public Schools	Pending - Carryover	Relates to wireless telecommunications devices in public schools.
Alaska	S 82	Education Funding	Pending - Carryover	Relates to education, relates to public school attendance, relates to mobile communication devices in schools, relates to reading proficiency incentive grants, relates to authorization of charter schools, relates to transportation of students, relates to school bond debt reimbursement, relates to funding and reporting by State Technical and Vocational Education Programs, authorizes lump sum payments for certain teachers as retention and recruitment incentives, provides for an effective date.
Arizona	H 2484	School Policies and Internet and Wireless Devices	Enacted	Relates to school policies, relates to internet, relates to wireless devices.
Arizona	H 2112	Government Information Technology Use	Enacted	Provides that a commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material on a website, including a social media platform, of which more than a certain fraction is sexual material that is harmful to minors shall use reasonable age verification methods; provides that a parent or guardian of a minor who accesses harmful material has a right of action; provides for civil liability, penalties, and attorney fees; requires personally identifiable information to be redacted in actions.
Arizona	H 2172	Parent Training	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to crimes against children; provides that the Department of Education shall develop and maintain a webpage for parent training programs and resources that includes at least one training program that is provided free of charge and that includes instruction on both child sex trafficking and internet crimes against children, and educational materials and resources related to preventing such crimes; provides that on the request of a parent or guardian, each school shall provide specified information.
Arizona	H 2195	Digital Advertising and Children	Enacted	Provides that a child directed application shall take appropriate measures to prevent the display of inappropriate and mature advertisements, defined as, among other things, promotions of violence and alcohol or drug use, on the child directed application; provides that in determining whether an application is a child directed application, the specified factors shall be considered; provides that a child directed application that does not comply with certain requirements is subject to a civil penalty.
Arizona	H 2815	Vloggers and Minors and Compensation	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to vloggers; relates to minors; relates to compensation; relates to trust accounts.
Arizona	H 2861	Social Media Protections and Minors	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to social media protections; relates to minors.
Arizona	S 1226	School Policies and Wireless Communications Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Provides that each school district shall develop and adopt in a public meeting a policy to limit students’ use of wireless communications devices, including gaming devices and video players, during instructional time, provides that the policy adopted pursuant to this paragraph may include a requirement that each student deposit the student’s wireless communications device or devices into a secure location in a school building during instructional time and procedures for the deposits.
Arizona	S 1227	School Safety and Cell Phone Bans	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to school safety requirements, establishes the School Safety Program within the Department of Education to support, promote and enhance safe and effective learning environments for all students by supporting the costs of placing school resource officers, juvenile probation officers, school counselors and school social workers on school campuses and by supporting the costs of implementing a policy to limit the use of cell phones in school classrooms.
Arkansas	H 1082	Children and Teens Online Privacy Protection Act	Failed - Adjourned	Creates the State children and teens online privacy protection act; provides support for the internal operations of the website, online service, online application, or mobile application of the operator, excluding any activity relating to individual-specific advertising to children or teen.
Arkansas	H 1083	Arkansas Kids Online Safety Act	Failed - Adjourned	Provides that a covered platform shall take reasonable measures in the design and operation of any product, service, or feature that the platform knows is used by minors to avoid any heightened risk of harm to minors, including anxiety, depression, and suicidal behaviors; provides that parental tools provided by a covered platform shall include the ability to manage a minors privacy and account settings; creates the Kids Online Safety Council; provides for filter bubble transparency requirements.
Arkansas	H 1717	Children and Teens Online Privacy Protection	Enacted	Creates the Arkansas Children and Teens' Online Privacy Protection Act and for other purposes; provides that it is unlawful for an operator of a website, online service, online application, or mobile application directed at children or teens or for any operator of a website, online service, online application, or mobile application with actual knowledge that it is collecting personal information from children or teens.
Arkansas	H 1726	Arkansas Kids Online Safety Act	Failed	Creates the Arkansas Kids Online Safety Act; provides that a covered platform shall take reasonable measures in the design and operation of any product, service, or feature that the covered platform knows is used by minors to avoid any heightened risk of harm to minors caused by such product, service, or feature, including without limitation the mental health disorders, consistent with evidence-informed medical information.
Arkansas	H 1975	Child Content Creation Protection	Enacted	Creates the child content creation protection act.
Arkansas	S 427	Offense of Promoting Prostitution	Enacted	Amends promoting prostitution offenses; enhances the penalties for promoting prostitution in the first, second, and third degree; creates the offense of promoting prostitution at a business; provides that involved in a prostitution violation means to the knowledge of an owner, manager, or other person with an ownership interest in the business, the business, permits, facilitates, or allows prostitution to occur on the premises of the business or through the business's operations.
Arkansas	S 142	Bell to Bell No Cell Act	Enacted	Amends the requirements for public school discipline policies with regard to student use of personal electronic devices, provides that each public school district and open enrollment public charter school shall establish a policy and exemptions concerning the possession and use by a student of a personal electronic device during the school day, provides that each district and charter school shall submit its policy and exemptions to the Division of Elementary and Secondary Education for review.
Arkansas	S 611	Social Media Safety Act	Enacted	Relates to reasonable age verification methods and parental consent for a minor on a social media platform; provides that a platform shall ensure that the platform does not engage in practices to evoke any addiction or compulsive behaviors in a State user who is a minor and ensure that, by default, privacy and safety settings for a State user who is a minor on a platform provides the most protective level of control for privacy and safety offered by the platform; creates the Crimes Against Children Fund.
Arkansas	S 612	Private Right of Action Against a Social Media Platform	Enacted	Creates a private right of action for the use of a design, algorithm, or feature by a social media platform that causes harm; imposes a civil penalty on a platform that knowingly and willfully contributes to the suicide or attempted suicide of a minor; provides that a platform is liable for an award of litigation costs, attorneys fees, and damages in an action brought by a parent or guardian whose child or legal dependent commits suicide or attempts suicide following exposure to certain online content.
California	A 2	Injuries to Children: Civil Penalties	Pending - Carryover	Provides that existing law provides that everyone is responsible not only for the result of their willful acts but also for an injury occasioned to another by their want of ordinary care or skill in the management of their property or person. Makes a social media platform liable for specified damages if the social media platform fails to exercise ordinary care or skill by causing injury to a child.
California	A 56	Social Media: Warning Labels	Enacted	Relates to the Protecting Our Kids from Social Media Addiction Act. Enacts the Social Media Warning Law. Requires a covered platform to display a certain black box warning to certain users each day the user initially accesses the social media platform, again after a specified number of hours of cumulative active use, and thereafter at least once per hour of cumulative active use.
California	A 235	Pupils: Use of Smartphones	Pending - Carryover	Provides that existing law requires the governing board of school district, a county board of education, or the governing body of a charter school to develop and adopt a policy to limit or prohibit the use by its pupils of smartphones while the pupils are at a school site. Requires the policy to limit or prohibit the use of smartphones to be a scheduled based restriction policy or a full day restriction policy.
California	A 237	Crimes: Threats	Pending - Carryover	Makes it a crime for a person to willfully threaten, by any means, including an image or threat posted or published on a web page, to commit a crime at certain locations, including a daycare and workplace, with the intent that the statement is be taken as a threat. Requires, if a person under a specified age commits this crime, the person to be referred to specified services in lieu of being declared a ward of the court. Requires, if the person is ineligible, the offense to be punished as a misdemeanor.
California	A 392	Pornographic Internet Websites: Consent	Pending - Carryover	Requires a person who operates a website to exercise ordinary care and reasonable diligence to ensure that any sexually explicit content uploaded to the operator's pornographic internet website does not include a depicted individual. Requires an operator of a pornographic website to verify a user's email address before permitting the user to upload sexually explicit content to the operator's website. Authorizes a depicted individual and a public prosecutor to bring a civil action to enforce such provisions.
California	A 621	Deepfake Pornography	Enacted	Provides that existing law grants to a depicted individual a cause of action against a person who creates and intentionally discloses sexually explicit material. Grants to a depicted individual a cause of action against a person who knows, or reasonably should know, that the depicted individual was a minor when the digitized sexually explicit material was created. Grants a cause of action to that depicted individual against a person who knowingly facilitates or recklessly aids or abets prohibited conduct.
California	A 796	Social Media Platforms: Advertising: Tax	Pending - Carryover	Imposes a tax on a social media platform provider equal to an unspecified percentage of the annual gross receipts derived from the purchase of advertisements for distribution on the platform. Creates the Social Media Safety Trust Fund and requires all money raised pursuant to these taxes be deposited into the fund. Establishes various accounts within the fund, including an Education Account, Mental Health Care Account, Research and Development Account, and Social Services Account. Appropriates funds.
California	A 940	Privacy: Minors	Pending	Makes nonsubstantive changes to existing law requiring an operator of an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application (website) directed to minors or an operator of a website that has actual knowledge that a minor is using its website to take certain actions, including permitting a minor who is a registered user of the operator's website to remove or, if the operator prefers, to request and obtain removal of, content or information posted on the operator's website by the user.
California	A 1043	Age Verification Signals: Software Applications	Enacted	Requires, among other things related to age verification with respect to software applications, an operating system to provide an accessible interface at account setup that requires an account holder to indicate the birth date, age, or both, of the user of that device for the purpose of providing a signal regarding the user's age bracket to applications available in a covered application store and to provide a developer who has requested a signal with respect to a particular user with a digital signal.
California	A 1064	Leading Ethical AI Development (LEAD) for Kids Act	Vetoed	Provides for the Leading Ethical AI Development for Kids Act. Prohibits a person, partnership, corporation, business entity, or state or local government agency that makes a companion chatbot available to users from making a companion chatbot available to a child unless the companion chatbot is not foreseeably capable of doing certain things that could harm a child, including encouraging the child to engage in self-harm, suicidal ideation, violence, consumption of drugs or alcohol, or disordered eating.
California	A 1137	Reporting Mechanism: Child Sexual Abuse Material	Pending - Carryover	Provides that existing law requires a social media platform to take certain actions with respect to child sexual abuse material on the social media platform, including by requiring the platform to provide a means for a user who is a State resident to report material. Requires a social media company to ensure review by a natural person if there is not an established or known hash match to child sexual abuse material with respect to the reported material and the reported material is not otherwise blocked.
California	ACR 14	Positive Parenting Awareness Month	Adopted	Designates the specified month as Positive Parenting Awareness Month in the State.
California	ACR 27	Teen Dating Violence Awareness and Prevention Month	Adopted	Proclaims the specified month as Teen Dating Violence Awareness and Prevention Month.
California	S 243	Companion Chatbots	Enacted	Provides that among other things related to making a companion chatbot platform safer for users, if a reasonable person interacting with a companion chatbot would be misled to believe that the person is interacting with a human, require an operator of a companion chatbot platform to issue a clear and conspicuous notification indicating that the companion chatbot is artificially generated and not human.
California	S 771	Personal Rights: Liability: Social Media Platforms	Vetoed	Provides that existing law prohibits a person from using violence or intimidation to interfere with another person's enjoyment of certain rights or because of certain attributes of that person. Makes a social media platform that violates the provisions of law relating to personal rights through its algorithms that relay content to users or aids, abets, acts in concert, or conspires in violation of those laws, liable for specified civil penalties. Provides that such provisions are severable.
Colorado	H 1287	Social Media Tools for Minor Users Parents	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns tools to protect minor users of social media.
Colorado	H 1135	Communication Devices in Schools	Enacted	Requires, on or before a specified date, each institute charter school, district charter school, and a local board of education for its schools that are not district charter schools to adopt and implement a policy concerning student communication device possession and use during the school day, provides that, at a minimum, the policy must describe the prohibitions, if any, and exceptions, if any regarding student communication device possession and use during the school day.
Colorado	S 86	Protections for Users of Social Media	Override Pending	Concerns protections for users of social media, and, in connection therewith, establishing certain requirements for social media companies; provides that general assembly finds that self-regulation by social media companies has not worked, and it is time for the State to step in and put common-sense laws in place to protect its youth; directs social media companies to provide annual data about minors' use of social media platforms, including metrics concerning criminal activity.
Colorado	S 201	Require Age Checks for Online Sexual Materials	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns requiring certain internet websites that provide material that is harmful to children to verify the age of individuals who attempt to access such material.
Connecticut	H 5271	Gaming Advertising	Failed - Adjourned	Prohibits gaming-related advertising, marketing and promotional activities at public institutions of higher education.
Connecticut	H 5474	Use of Social Media Platforms	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns the use of social media platforms by minors; requires the owner of a social media platform to incorporate an online safety center into, and establish a cyberbullying policy for, the owner's social media platform; redefines heightened risk of harm to minors to include processing minors' personal data in a manner that presents any reasonably foreseeable risk of harm to minors' physical or mental health; provides additional requirements for controllers of online services relating to minors.
Connecticut	H 6181	Establishment of Blocked Trust Accounts	Failed	Requires the establishment of blocked trust accounts for certain minors; requires any parent or guardian who receives income from the creation of online content featuring a minor in such parent or guardian's care to establish a blocked trust account, which shall be accessible to such minor when such minor turns eighteen years of age.
Connecticut	H 6479	Social Media	Failed	Concerns minors and social media; prohibits any social media algorithm that targets any individual Younger than seventeen years of age, including, but not limited to, by tracking such individual's age or telephone number; prohibits inclusion of a continuous feed in the social media account of any individual Younger than seventeen years of age.
Connecticut	H 6923	Use of Smart Devices in Schools	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns that the use of smart devices in schools, requires local and regional boards of education to adopt a policy limiting the use of smart devices by students in school.
Connecticut	S 533	Prohibition of the Use of Smart Phones	Failed	Relates to the prohibition of the use of smart phones in elementary and middle schools, requires the Department of Education to adopt regulations prohibiting the use of smart phones by students in the specified grades during the school day.
Connecticut	S 539	Student Cell Phone Use in Schools During School Hours	Failed	Limit student cell phone use in schools during school hours requires local and regional boards of education to adopt policies limiting the use of cell phones by students in the specified grades during the regular school day, limits the use of cell phones to foster a distraction free learning environment.
Connecticut	S 580	Use of Cellular Mobile Telephone in Schools	Failed	Relates to the establishment of a model policy banning the use of cellular mobile telephones in schools, requires the Department of Education to establish a model policy banning the use of cellular mobile telephones during the school day for students in the specified grades.
Connecticut	S 1295	Social Media Platforms and Online Services Products	Enacted	Concerns broadband internet, gaming, social media, online services and consumer contracts; provides that no controller that offers any online service, product or feature to consumers whom such controller has actual knowledge, or willfully disregards, are minors shall offer any direct messaging apparatus for use by minors unless controller provides readily accessible and easy-to-use safeguards to enable any minor, or any minor's parent or legal guardian.
Connecticut	S 1338	Minors Money Sharing Application Accounts	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns the deletion of minors' money sharing application accounts; establishes requirements concerning the deletion of minors' money sharing application accounts; provides that a licensee shall establish, and shall describe in a privacy notice, one or more secure and reliable means for submitting a request; provides a mechanism for a minor or the minor's parent or legal guardian to initiate a process to delete such minor's money sharing application account.
Delaware	S 143	Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets and Digital Accounts	Enacted	Requires courts to adjudicate a parent or legal guardian's request for an order directing access to a deceased minor's digital assets and digital accounts within 30 days.
District of Columbia (D.C.)	B 73	Heads Up Distraction-Free Learning	Enacted	Directs local education agencies to adopt and implement a personal wireless communication device policy that prohibits a student from using a wireless communication device during the full school day.
Florida	H 193	Child Welfare	Failed	Revises provisions of law; relates to Child Protection Team investigators; relates to duties and responsibilities of Department of Children and Families and law enforcement officers; regards parenting plans and custody arrangements; reports of child abuse, abandonment, or neglect; interferes with custody; emergency hearings; children and Youth Cabinet; domestic violence; responsibilities of law enforcement officers when investigating potential domestic violence or interference with custody issues.
Florida	H 743	Social Media Use By Minors	Failed	Requires social media platforms to disable certain encryption features for specified purpose.
Florida	H 931	Online Access To Materials Harmful To Minors	Failed	Requires developer and covered manufacturer to, beginning on specified date, make specific determinations about covered applications and user, provide certain notices, and provide certain features to parents and developers; provides requirements for devices sold before specified date; requires application store to establish nondiscriminatory practices; provides for enforcement actions by Attorney General; provides affirmative defense; provides limitation on liability for covered manufacturer.
Florida	H 949	Wireless Communications Devices on School Grounds	Failed	Prohibits students from using wireless communications devices during the school day. Rather than during instructional times, requires district school boards to designate locations within school buildings from students to use wireless communications devices during school day.
Florida	H 1161	Brookes Law	Enacted	Relates to the removal of altered sexual depictions posted without consent; requires covered platforms to establish a process for removal of altered sexual depictions posted without the consent of the identifiable person; provides requirements for such a process; provides immunity from liability for good faith compliance; prohibits unreasonable failure to comply; provides that a covered platform shall provide on the platform a clear and conspicuous notice of the notice and removal process.
Florida	H 1503	Harm To Minors	Failed	Requires manufacturers of tablets or smartphones to manufacture devices with filters enabled upon activation of device in this state; provides civil and criminal liability; authorizes Attorney General, parents, and guardians to bring certain actions; provides for damages and criminal penalties; increases criminal penalties for certain acts involving minors; revises definition of term sexual offender.
Florida	S 868	Social Media Use By Minors	Failed	Requires social media platforms to provide a mechanism to decrypt end-to-end encryption when law enforcement obtains a warrant or subpoena; requires social media platforms to allow a parent or legal guardian of a minor account holder to view all messages; prohibits minor account holders from using or accessing messages that are designed to disappear or self-destruct or are ephemeral in nature.
Florida	S 1084	Sexual Cyberharassment	Failed	Defines the terms digitally forged intimate image and intimate image; revises the definition of the term sexually cyberharass; provides criminal penalties for persons who recklessly, rather than willfully and maliciously, sexually cyberharass other persons; provides criminal penalties for persons who commit the offense of sexual cyberharassment with a specified intent or purpose.
Florida	S 1400	Removal of Altered Sexual Depictions	Failed	Cites this act as Brookes Law; requires covered platforms to establish a process by a specified date for removal of altered sexual depictions posted without the consent of the identifiable person; provides immunity for good faith compliance.
Florida	S 1438	Online Access To Materials Harmful To Minors	Failed	Requires a developer to, beginning on a specified date, make specific determinations about covered applications, provide notice to application stores about such applications, and provide certain features for parents to protect a user that is a child; requires a covered manufacturer to, beginning on a specified date, take certain steps to determine specified information about the user, provide certain notices, and provide developers of covered applications with a specified means to verify the age of a user.
Georgia	H 340	Distraction Free Education Act	Enacted	Relates to elementary and secondary education, so as to enact the Distraction-Free Education Act, requires local school systems and public schools to enact policies and procedures for use of personal electronic devices at school and school sponsored events by students in kindergarten through eighth grade, provides for permissible student use of personal electronic devices, authorizes the Department of Education to provide guidance and technical assistance, prohibits certain waivers.
Georgia	H 418	Child Performer Empowerment and Protection Act	Pending - Carryover	Requires the establishment of blocked trust accounts for minors rendering artistic or creative services in this state; provides for the Commissioner of Labor to investigate and determine conditions of employment of child performers prior to the commencement of such employment; provides for requirements related to such accounts for minors engaged in online content creation; provides for civil actions and damages.
Georgia	SR 431	Impact of Social Media and Artificial Intelligence	Adopted	Creates the Senate Impact of Social Media and Artificial Intelligence on Children and Platform Privacy Protection Study Committee.
Hawaii	H 485	Schools Cell Phone Use Policy	Pending - Carryover	Establishes a Department of Education statewide policy for cell phone use in all department schools to ensure clear and enforceable guidelines and foster an environment conducive to learning.
Hawaii	H 566	Minors Addictive Content Protections	Pending - Carryover	Protects minors from addictive content by imposing special requirements for operators regarding consent, notifications, and age verification; protects minors from having their online personal data processed without parental consent.
Hawaii	H 623	Students Cell Phone Use Policy	Pending - Carryover	Requires the Board of Education to adopt a policy that bans the use of phones and related devices by students during school hours.
Hawaii	H 1195	Student Cell Phone Use	Pending - Carryover	Requires the Department of Education, prohibits cell phone use during the instructional day, prohibits student access to social media through the school’s internet, implements a social media education campaign, creates exemptions for students, requires accommodations, emergency situations and teacher authorizations.
Hawaii	H 1198	Minors Internet Safety	Pending - Carryover	Establishes civil liability for any commercial entity that knowingly or intentionally; publishes or distributes materially harmful to minors without following certain age verification requirements.
Hawaii	H 1212	Minors Internet Safety	Pending - Carryover	Requires any commercial entity that knowingly publishes pornographic material on an internet website that is accessible to persons in the state; uses an age verification system; ensures that the pornographic material is not accessed by a minor.
Hawaii	H 1124	Student Cell Phone Use	Pending - Carryover	Requires the Department of Education to prohibit cell phone use during the instructional day, prohibit student access to social media through the school’s internet, and implement a social media education campaign, creates exemptions for students requiring accommodations, emergency situations and teacher authorizations.
Hawaii	H 1303	Students Cellular Phones Use	Pending - Carryover	Requires each public school to implement a policy to prohibit students from using cellular phones and other wireless communication devices by students during school hours, subject to exceptions for education, health and emergencies.
Hawaii	H 1343	Students Phones Use	Pending - Carryover	Requires the Board of Education to adopt a policy that bans the use of phones and related devices by students during school hours.
Hawaii	H 1458	Social Media Advertising Revenue Taxes	Pending - Carryover	Directs the Department of Taxation to apply the state corporate income tax to advertising revenue earned by major social media platforms if the revenue is derived from content created within the state or from audiences located in the state; establishes the Broadband and Digital Equity Special Fund to receive those revenues to fund initiatives expanding broadband access and local journalism initiatives; appropriates funds.
Hawaii	S 684	Students Cell Phones	Pending - Carryover	Requires the Board of Education to adopt administrative rules to ban usage of cell phones at Department of Education schools.
Hawaii	S 1264	Students Use of Phones	Pending - Carryover	Requires the Board of Education to adopt a policy that bans the use of phones and related devices by students during school hours.
Hawaii	S 1544	Students Cellular Phones Use	Pending - Carryover	Requires each public school to implement a policy to prohibit students from using cellular phones and other wireless communication devices during school hours, subject to exceptions for education, health, and emergencies.
Hawaii	S 1542	App Store Child Safety	Pending - Carryover	Requires app store providers to determine the age category for each of their users in the state and verify their age; provides a mechanism for parents to block minors from downloading unsuitable apps; obtains parental consent before allowing a minor to use their app store or download and purchase apps; requires certain app store providers to provide parents with a mechanism to set filters and usage limits for minors; requires certain app store providers to display age ratings and content.
Idaho	H 229	Education	Failed - Adjourned	Adds to existing law to provide for a wireless electronic communications devices policy.
Idaho	H 275	Internet Filtering for Students	Enacted	Amends and repeals existing law to provide for local school boards require internet filtering and to remove provisions regarding digital library resources and wireless technology standards.
Idaho	S 1032	Distraction Free Learning	Enacted	Establishes provisions regarding distraction-free learning, provides that, no later than the specified date, every local school board and public charter school shall adopt a policy governing the use of electronic communications devices by students in school buildings and on school grounds or premises during school hours, provides that every local school board and public charter school shall make the policy it adopts publicly available and display such policy prominently on its public website.
Idaho	S 1158	Child Safety	Failed - Adjourned	Adds to existing law to establish provisions requiring certain internet filters on devices used by children.
Idaho	S 1168	Standard Protection For All Resources On Kids Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Adds to existing law to establish the Standard Protection For All Resources on Kids' Devices Act to protect minors from accessing or downloading harmful content.
Illinois	H 1103	Online Age Verification for Material Harmful to Minors	Pending	Creates the Online Age Verification for Material Harmful to Minors Act; requires any commercial entity that knowingly or intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the Internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to verify that any person attempting to access such material is 18 years of age or Older; provides that verification must be done through the use of a commercially available database that is regularly used by businesses or governmental .
Illinois	H 1590	Civil Liability for Unsolicited Intimate Images Act	Pending	Creates the Civil Liability for Unsolicited Intimate Images Act; provides that any person specified years of age who knowingly and intentionally transmits obscene material by computer or other electronic means to the computer or electronic communication device of another person specified years of age commits a trespass and is liable to the recipient of the obscene material for actual damages or specified amount, whichever is greater, in addition to reasonable attorney's fees and costs.
Illinois	H 2964	School Code	Pending	Amends the School Code, provides that a school board shall establish appropriate rules and disciplinary procedures for governing the use or possession of cellular radio telecommunications devices by a student, including rules that restrict the use of cellular radio telecommunication devices during instructional time, provides that a school board may create exceptions for school-cased emergencies, individual student and family emergencies, and individualized education.
Illinois	H 2975	School Code	Pending	Amends the School Code, requires a school board to prohibit a student from using a cellular telephone in a school or on school property, provides that the restriction shall not apply during lunch, recess, passing periods, or emergency situations, repeals provisions allowing a school board to establish rules and disciplinary procedures governing the use or possession of cellular radio telecommunication devices by a student.
Illinois	H 2503	School Code	Pending	Amends the School Code; requires the State Board of Education to establish the State Instructional Technology Advisory Board, which shall collaborate with the State Board of Education to provide guidance, integration, oversight, and evaluation of education technologies, including, but not limited to, artificial intelligence technologies; sets forth the membership of the Advisory Board and terms; requires the State Board, with the Advisory Board, to develop standards concerning safety.
Illinois	H 3028	Computer-Generated Image or Video	Pending	Amends the Criminal Code of 2012 and the Removal of Private Compromising Images Act; defines image to include a computer-generated image or video, whether made, produced, or altered by electronic, mechanical, or other means.
Illinois	H 3030	Unlawful Publications of Obscene and Harmful Depictions	Pending	Creates the Removal of Unlawful Publications of Obscene and Harmful Depictions On Social Media Platforms Act; provides that, following a report to a social media platform that an obscene depiction or otherwise harmful depiction by computer has been unlawfully published on the social media platform, the subject report must be promptly investigated for credibility, and if deemed credible, the subject image must be promptly removed by the operator of the social media platform within 24 hours.
Illinois	H 3488	School Wireless Communication Device Policy	Pending	Amends the School Code, provides that, on or before the 2026-2027 school year, each school board shall adopt and implement a wireless communication device policy that prohibits a students from using a wireless communication device during instructional time, except as otherwise provided, and includes guidance for secure and accessible storage of wireless devices during instructional time, provides that the policy may not prohibit a student from using a wireless communication device during instructional time.
Illinois	S 51	Age Appropriate Design Code Act	Pending	Creates the Age-Appropriate Design Code Act; provides that a business that provides an online service, product, or feature likely to be accessed by children shall take specified actions, including completing a data protection impact assessment for any online service, product, or feature likely to be accessed by children; provides that a business shall complete a data protection impact assessment on or before specified date, for any online service, product, or feature.
Illinois	S 1873	School Code	Pending	Amends the School Code, provides that, no later than a specified amount, all school boards, adopts a policy that, prohibits a student from using personal wireless communication devices during instructional time, prevents student access to social media platforms through the use of internet access provided by a school district, allows a school board, prohibits student use of personal wireless communication devices during instructional time through any method it deems appropriate.
Illinois	S 1740	Grant Funds Recovery Act	Enacted	Amends the Grant Funds Recovery Act to make a change concerning school maintenance project grants; amends the Soybean Ink Act to make a change concerning school districts; amends the School Code; removes outdated provisions regarding social science learning standards and provisions regarding meeting minimum higher education preparation and admission requirements; removes a reference to grants in excess of a specified sum; restores State goals and assessments and special education transition services.
Illinois	S 1920	School Code and Artificial Intelligence	Enacted	Provides that the State Board of Education shall develop statewide guidance for school districts and educators on the use of artificial intelligence in elementary and secondary education; provides that the Superintendent of Education may convene stakeholders for a statewide council to consult on the further development of guidance on the use of AI in schools; provides that the State Board of Education shall encourage school districts to collect teaching resources to support American Sign Language programs.
Illinois	S 2082	Adult Content Age Verification Act	Pending	Creates the Adult Content Age Verification Act; defines terms; provides that a commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the Internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of material harmful to minors shall be subject to civil penalties if the entity fails to perform reasonable age verification methods to verify the age of individuals attempting to access the material.
Illinois	S 2316	Parental Consent for Social Media Act	Pending	Creates the Parental Consent for Social Media Act; provides that a social media company shall not permit an user who is a minor to be an account holder on the social media company's social media platform unless the minor has the express consent of a parent or legal guardian; provides that a social media company shall verify the age of an account holder using a third-party vendor to perform reasonable age verification before allowing access to the social media company's social media platform.
Illinois	S 2427	School Code	Pending	Amends the School Code, provides that, on or before the 2026-2027 school year, each school board shall adopt and implement a wireless communication device policy that prohibits a student from using a wireless communication device during instructional time, except as otherwise provided, included guidance for secure and accessible storage of wireless devices during instructional time.
Indiana	H 1321	Minors' Social Media Use	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to social media use by minors; provides that a social media service may not allow an state resident who is a minor; holds an account with the social media service unless the social media service; receives written consent to the minor's use of the social media service from the minor's parent or guardian; requires a social media service; configure the account of a registered user that the social media service knows, or reasonably should know, is, a minor, and an state resident.
Indiana	S 11	Minor Access and Use of Social Media	Failed - Adjourned	Requires a social media operator to restrict a minor users viewing of social media without first obtaining verifiable parental consent for the minor user; defines minor user; allows the Attorney General to bring an action against a social media operator that fails to implement a verifiable parental consent method and issue a civil investigative demand if the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that any person is engaged in a violation; provides for injunctive relief and civil penalties.
Indiana	S 359	Student Well Being and Resiliency	Failed - Adjourned	Requires the Department of Education, in consultation with the Office of the Secretary of Family and Social Services, to approve and make available student mental well being resources for certain schools; requires the governing body of a school corporation or the equivalent authority for a charter school to publish and publicly post the approved student well being resources; establishes the Resiliency Program to provide eligible schools the opportunity to participate in certain programs.
Iowa	H 62	Obscene Material Available on Devices	Failed	Relates to obscene material available on devices; imposes civil liability on certain entities who publish or distribute obscene material on the internet.
Iowa	H 273	Student Access to Personal Electronic Devices in School	Pending - Carryover	Relates to student access to personal electronic devices in schools.
Iowa	H 278	Minors Accounts on Social Media Platforms	Pending - Carryover	Relates to parental authorization for minors to create accounts on social media platforms; provides civil penalties; includes applicability provisions.
Iowa	H 798	Parental Authorization for Social Media Accounts	Pending - Carryover	Relates to parental authorization for minors to create accounts on social media platforms; provides civil penalties; includes applicability provisions.
Iowa	H 826	Obscene Materials Involving Minors	Pending - Carryover	Relates to obscene materials involving minors, and provides penalties.
Iowa	H 864	Commercial Entities Who Distribute Obscene Material	Pending - Carryover	Relates to certain commercial entities who publish or distribute obscene material on the internet, and provides civil penalties.
Iowa	S 207	Civil Liability for Commercial Entities	Pending - Carryover	Relates to civil liability for certain commercial entities who publish or distribute obscene material on the internet.
Iowa	S 370	Electronic Devices in Schools	Failed	Relates to electronic devices in schools, including student access during instructional hours, school safety plans, and instruction related to the efforts of social media in grades six through eight, includes effective date provisions.
Iowa	S 443	Entities Who Publish or Distribute Obscene Material	Pending - Carryover	Relates to certain commercial entities who publish or distribute obscene material on the internet, and provides civil penalties.
Kansas	H 2186	Use of Privately Owned Electronic Communication Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to requiring school districts, prohibits the use of privately owned electronic communication devices during school hours, prohibits students from using school district computers or devices to access social media platforms.
Kansas	H 2259	Use of Personal Communication Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to requiring school districts to adopt policies to limit the use of personal electronic communications devices during school hours and requiring the state board of education to designate a period of time for social media awareness and develop goals and materials relating thereto.
Kansas	S 154	Use of Privately Owned Electronic Communication Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to requiring school districts to prohibit the use of privately owned electronic communication devices during school hours and students from using school district computers or devices to access social media platforms.
Kentucky	H 12	Online Protections for Minors	Failed - Adjourned	Defines terms; prohibits a minor under 14 years old from contracting with a social media platform to become an account holder; requires social media platforms to terminate any account held by an account holder younger than 14 years old; prohibits minors who are 14 or 15 years old from contracting with a social media platform to become an account holder without parental consent.
Kentucky	H 47	Sexual Extortion	Failed - Adjourned	Establishes the crime of sexual extortion as a felony; provides for enhancements to penalties; establishes a civil cause of action for sexual extortion; includes sexual extortion in the definition of sex crime; requires superintendents of local school districts to notify students in grades six and above and parents and guardians of all students of the crime of sexual extortion.
Kentucky	S 73	Sexual Extortion	Enacted	Specifies when a person is guilty of sexual extortion; provides that sexual extortion is a Class A misdemeanor, with certain exceptions; provides for personal liability for actual and punitive damages, court costs, and reasonable attorneys fees; requires each public school with instructional spaces for students in specified grades to display a sign that contains, among other things, a description of sexual extortion and contact information for law enforcement and a national suicide prevention hotline.
Kentucky	H 208	Technology in Public Schools	Enacted	Provides that each local school district shall establish a policy regarding student internet access that shall include, but not be limited to, parental consent for student internet use, teacher supervision of student computer use, and auditing procedures to determine whether education technology is being used for the purpose of accessing social media or sexually explicit or other objectionable material.
Louisiana	H 570	Commercial Regulations	Enacted	Relates to minors use of applications; provides for definitions; provides for application store requirements; provides for developer requirements; provides for protections; provides for applicability; provides for enforcement; provides for severability.
Maine	H 411	Effects of Artificial Intelligence Cellular Telephones	Failed	Studies the effects of artificial intelligence, cellular telephones and social media on public education.
Maine	H 530	Social Media Use By Minors Under 16 Years of Age	Failed	Regulates social media use by minors under 16 years of age.
Maine	LR 945	Social Media Use by Minors	Pending - Carryover	Regulates social media use by minors.
Maine	LR 1587	Age Verification To Access Pornography Websites	Pending - Carryover	Requires age verification to access pornography websites.
Maryland	H 394	Distribution of Obscene Materials to Minors	Failed - Adjourned	Establishes that a commercial entity that distributes obscene material to minors on the Internet from certain websites is liable for certain damages; prohibits a commercial entity or third party that performs a certain age verification of an individual from retaining any identifying information of an individual under certain circumstances.
Maryland	H 57	Boards of Education	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to county boards of education, concerns student cellular phone use policy, provides establishment.
Maryland	H 147	Student Technology Use Policy	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns county boards of education, relates to elementary and middle schools, relates to student technology use policy. Requires certain county boards of education to develop and adopt a policy that prohibits elementary and middle school students from using a cellular phone or personal electronic device during the school day except for certain circumstances.
Maryland	H 192	No Distracted Learning Act	Failed - Adjourned	Concerns country boards of education, establishes a student cellular phone use policy, relates to the No Distracted Learning Act.
Maryland	H 630	Phone Free Schools Act	Failed - Adjourned	Requires each county board of education to develop and implement, not later the school year, a policy limiting the use of acellular phone by a student during the school day, prohibits the policy from restricting a student’s use of acellular phone for any purpose documented in the student’s individualized education program, to monitor or address a student’s documented health issue, during an emergency event, or when directed by an educator or administrator for educational purposes.
Maryland	H 1179	Montgomery County Student Cellular Phone Policy	Failed	Requires the Montogomery County Board of Education to establish a policy limiting the use of cellular phone by a student during instructional time except under certain circumstances.
Maryland	H 670	Unsolicited Obscene Material	Failed - Adjourned	Prohibits a person from knowingly sending by electronic means to another person an image or video depicting obscene material that the sender knows or reasonably should know is unsolicited; authorizes a person to bring an action against a person who violates the Act; exempts certain entities and individuals from the Act.
Maryland	H 803	Revenge Porn	Failed - Adjourned	Prohibits a person from knowingly distributing a computer-generated visual representation of another including a photograph, a film, a video, a digital image, or a picture, whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means.
Maryland	H 1212	Obscene Material Device Filters	Failed - Adjourned	Requires each device, tablet, or smart phone manufactured on or after a specified date, activated in the State to enable a certain filter to prevent minors from accessing obscene material; prohibits a certain person from deactivating the filter; provides that a manufacturer of a device and certain persons are subject to civil and criminal liability for certain conduct related to device filters; authorizes the Attorney General to take certain actions against persons who violate the Act.
Maryland	H 1248	Revenge Pornography and Intimate Visual Depictions	Failed - Adjourned	Requires certain online platforms to establish a process for an individual or an individual's representative to provide certain notice of and request the disabling of access to or removal of certain visual depictions; requires a certain online platform to comply with a request under the Act as soon as possible, but not later than 48 hours after receiving a request and to establish certain data logging requirements; alters the prohibition against revenge pornography.
Maryland	H 1316	Youth-centric Technology	Vetoed	Requires the National Center for School Mental Health at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, in consultation with the State Department of Education, to develop and publish a youth-centric technology and social media resource guide for public school students in a certain manner; requires the guide to be distributed beginning in a certain school year in a certain manner and updated periodically.
Maryland	S 29	Phone Free Schools Pilot Program	Failed - Adjourned	Establishes the Phone-Free Schools Pilot Program, requires the Carroll County and Montgomery County public school systems to develop and implement a policy that prohibits student cell phone use during the school day, subject to certain exceptions, requires the eligible school systems to submit a report on the effectiveness of the Pilot Program on or before a specified date.
Maryland	S 130	Student Cellular Device Use Policy	Failed - Adjourned	Requires each county board of education to develop and implement a policy that prohibits students from using a cellular device during instructional time during the school day, prohibits the policy from preventing a student from using a cellular device for any purpose documented in a student’s individualized education program, to monitor or address a student’s documented health issue, or for education purposes when directed by an educator or an administrator.
Maryland	S 368	Phone Free Schools Act	Failed - Adjourned	Requires each county board of education, develops and implements, not later than the 2026-2027 school year, a policy, limiting the use of a cellular phone by a student during the school day, prohibits the policy from restricting a student’s use of a cellular phone for any purpose documented in the student’s individualized education program, monitors or addresses a student’s documented health issue during an emergency event or when, directs by an educator or administrator for educational purposes.
Maryland	S 897	Student Technology and Social Media Resource Guide	Failed - Adjourned	Requires the National Center for School Mental Health at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, in consultation with the State Department of Education, to develop and distribute a student technology and social media resource guide beginning in the 2027-2028 school year with additional information included in successive years; requires the Governor to include an appropriation of a specified amount for fiscal year 2027 and a specified amount for fiscal years 2028 and 2029 in the annual budget bill.
Massachusetts	H 84	Use of the Internet By Sex Offenders	Pending	Relates to the use of the internet by sex offenders.
Massachusetts	H 98	Internet Privacy Rights for Children	Pending	Relates to internet privacy rights for children.
Massachusetts	H 102	Potential Future Social Media Companies	Pending	Protects residents of the Commonwealth from the threat posed by certain foreign adversaries using current or potential future social media companies.
Massachusetts	H 574	Student Cell Phone Use	Pending	Provides that the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education be authorized to establish a policy that provides for when a student’s use of a student’s cellphone.
Massachusetts	H 666	Use of Personal Electronic Devices on School Grounds	Pending	Relates to the use of personal electronic devices on school grounds.
Massachusetts	H 696	Presence of Students Phones in Schools and Classrooms	Pending	Relates to the presence of students’ phones in schools and classrooms and their effect on educational outcomes and student mental health.
Massachusetts	H 715	Use of Personal Electronic Devices by Students	Pending	Prohibits the use of personal electronic devices by students during the school day.
Massachusetts	H 720	Cell Phone or Other Personal Electronic Device Usage	Pending	Prohibits cell phone or other personal electronic device usage by students during the school day.
Massachusetts	H 1784	Enticement of Children Online	Pending	Relates to the enticement of children online.
Massachusetts	H 2135	Minors Engaged in the Work of Vlogging	Pending	Relates to minors engaged in the work of vlogging.
Massachusetts	H 2236	Petition	Pending	Introduces a petition of Joshua Tarsky for an investigation by a special commission to promote safe social media use, identify best practices for social media platforms to safeguard children's mental health, and develop guidelines for safe social media use.
Massachusetts	H 3126	Tax for Online Advertising	Pending	Establishes a tax for online advertising.
Massachusetts	H 3224	Tax for Online Advertising	Pending	Relates to establishing a tax for online advertising.
Massachusetts	HD 1338	Enticement of Children Online	Pending	Relates to the enticement of children online.
Massachusetts	HD 1695	Online Advertising Tax	Pending	Establishes a tax for online advertising.
Massachusetts	HD 3138	Tax for Online Advertising	Pending	Establishes a tax for online advertising.
Massachusetts	S 30	Children From Addictive Social Media Feeds	Pending	Protects children from addictive social media feeds.
Massachusetts	S 51	Social Media Algorithm Accountability and Transparency	Pending	Relates to social media, algorithm accountability, and transparency.
Massachusetts	S 144	Interests of Minor Children Featured on Family Vlogs	Pending	Protects the interests of minor children featured on for-profit family vlogs.
Massachusetts	S 333	Use of Personal Electronic Devices in Schools	Pending	Prohibits the use of personal electronic devices in schools.
Massachusetts	S 335	Distraction Free Education for Youth	Pending	Promotes safe technology use and distraction-free education for youth.
Massachusetts	S 408	Best Management Practices for Wireless in Schools	Pending	Relates to best management practices for wireless in schools and public institutions of higher education.
Massachusetts	S 424	Use of Mobile Devices in Educational Institutions	Pending	Regulates the use of mobile communication devices in educational institutions.
Massachusetts	S 461	Electronic Devices and Social Media in Public Schools	Pending	Prohibits access to personal electronic devices and social media in public schools.
Michigan	H 4141	Communication Devices	Failed	Requires the board of a school district or board of directors of a public school academy to implement a wireless communications device policy.
Massachusetts	SD 1313	Social Media and Algorithm Accountability	Pending	Relates to social media, algorithm accountability, and transparency.
Massachusetts	SD 2013	Adolescents from Unhealthy Social Media Engagement	Pending	Protects adolescents from unhealthy social media engagement.
Michigan	H 4235	State Devices	Pending	Prohibits use of certain applications on state devices.
Michigan	H 4388	Social Media	Pending	Provides regulation of social media use by minors.
Minnesota	H 48	Consumer Protection	Pending - Carryover	Relates to consumer protection; prohibits certain social media algorithms that target children.
Minnesota	H 1434	Consumer Protection	Pending - Carryover	Relates to consumer protection; requires age verification for websites with material harmful to minors; provides for enforcement by the attorney general; creates a private right of action.
Minnesota	H 1875	Consumer Protection	Pending - Carryover	Relates to consumer protection; regulates the use of social media for minors ages 15 and Younger; requires anonymous age verification for websites harmful to minors.
Minnesota	H 1895	Nudification Technology	Pending - Carryover	Relates to commerce; prohibits access to nudification technology.
Minnesota	S 508	Education Policy	Pending - Carryover	Relates to education policy, restricts cell phone use in schools, appropriates money.
Minnesota	S 1119	Access to Nudification Technology	Pending - Carryover	Relates to commerce; prohibits access to nudification technology; imposes civil penalties; relates to an individual depicted in an image or video that was nudified in violation of this section may bring a civil action in district court against the person who violates.
Minnesota	S 1528	Consumer Protection	Pending - Carryover	Relates to consumer protection; prohibits certain social media algorithms that target children.
Minnesota	S 1783	Nudification Technology	Pending - Carryover	Relates to commerce; prohibits access to nudification technology.
Minnesota	S 1857	Access Chatbots for Recreational Purposes	Pending - Carryover	Relates to commerce; prohibits persons from allowing minors to access chatbots for recreational purposes; provides civil penalties.
Minnesota	S 2105	Consumer Protection	Pending - Carryover	Relates to consumer protection; requires age verification for websites with material harmful to minors; provides for enforcement by the attorney general; creates a private right of action.
Minnesota	S 2269	Activities by Social Media Platforms Regulations	Pending - Carryover	Relates to commerce; regulates certain activities by social media platforms; provides antitrust protections; prohibits certain unfair and deceptive practices; provides penalties.
Minnesota	S 2614	Consumer Protection	Pending - Carryover	Relates to consumer protection; regulates the use of social media for minors with specified ages and younger; requires anonymous age verification for websites harmful to minors.
Minnesota	H 2a	State Government	Enacted	Relates to state government; amends provisions on the Department of Health finance and policy, health licensing boards, pharmacy benefits, the Office of Emergency Medical Services, general health policy, health and education facilities, health care benefits, economic supports, child protection and welfare, early care and learning, licensing and certification, behavioral health, background studies, the Department of Human Services program integrity, and homelessness.
Mississippi	H 167	Age Appropriate Policies on Phone Possession	Failed	Requires local school boards to develop and public schools located within the school district to implement age appropriate and developmentally appropriate policies relating to student cell phone possession and use on school property during the academic school day from bell to bell, specifies the minimum provisions to be contained in each school cell phone free education policy applicable to elementary, middle and high school students, prescribes exceptions to possession.
Mississippi	H 673	Local School Boards	Failed	Requires local school boards to develop and public schools located within the school district to implement age appropriate and developmentally appropriate policies relating to student cell phone possession and use on school property during the academic school day from bell to bell, specifies the minimum provisions to be contained in each school cell phone free education policy applicable to elementary, middle and high school students, prescribes exceptions to possession.
Mississippi	H 684	Age Appropriate Policies in Public Schools	Failed	Requires local school boards to develop and public schools located within the school district to implement age appropriate and developmentally appropriate policies relating to student cell phone possession and use on school property during the academic school day from bell to bell, specifies the minimum provisions to be contained in each school cell phone free education policy applicable to elementary, middle and high school students, prescribes exceptions to possession.
Mississippi	H 808	Internet Safety Policy for Students	Failed	Requires each district school board and charter school governing board to adopt an internet safety policy for student access to the internet provided by the school district, prescribes the requirements for the policy, requires each school district and charter school governing board to prohibit and prevent student access to social media through internet access provided by the school district, prohibits the use of certain platforms on district owned devices and through internet access provided by the school.
Mississippi	H 818	Local School Boards Age Appropriate Policies	Failed	Requires local school boards to develop and public schools located within the school district to implement age appropriate and developmentally appropriate policies relating to student cell phone possession and use on school property during the academic school day from bell to bell, specifies the minimum provisions to be contained in each school cell phone free education policy applicable to elementary, middle and high school students, prescribes exceptions to possession.
Mississippi	S 2151	Use of Cell Phone By Students During Class	Failed	Requires public school districts, public charter schools and certain state high schools to develop and adopt policies to ban the possession or restrict the use of cell phones by students during class or while under the supervision and control of an employee or employees of the school, provides for potential exceptions which allow students to possess or use cell phones under certain circumstances.
Mississippi	S 2324	Telecommunication or Electronic Harassment	Failed	Provides an aggravated penalty when a person commits a criminal act of telecommunication or electronic harassment or obscenity against a first responder or public safety telecommunicator.
Mississippi	S 2501	Child Sexual Exploitation	Failed	Penalizes certain entities that knowingly publish or distribute obscene material or material that promotes child sexual exploitation, or sell child sexual exploitation devices or images; defines terms; provides that any commercial entity that knowingly publishes or distributes obscene material or material that depicts, describes, or promotes child sexual exploitation, on the internet may be held civilly liable; provides a civil penalty and civil liability for any person who knowingly buys, sells, delivers.
Mississippi	S 2624	Schools Age Appropriate Policies	Failed	Requires local school boards to develop and public schools located within the school district to implement age appropriate and developmentally appropriate policies relating to student cell phone possession and use on school property during the academic school day from bell to bell, specifies the minimal provisions to be contained in each school cell phone free education policy applicable to elementary, middle and high school students, prescribes exceptions to possession.
Missouri	H 236	Civil Liability for Publishing or Distributing Material	Failed - Adjourned	Establishes provisions relating to civil liability for publishing or distributing material harmful to minors on the internet.
Missouri	H 306	Public School Districts and Charter Schools	Failed - Adjourned	Requires public school districts and charter schools to prevent use of electronic personal communications devices during regularly scheduled instructional activities.
Missouri	H 408	Student Use of Telecommunications Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Prohibits student use of telecommunications devices during regularly scheduled instructional activities.
Missouri	H 854	Public School Districts and Charter Schools	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to student electronic personal communications device usage, provides that each school district and charter school governing board shall adopt a written policy governing a student’s possession or use of an electronic personal communications device.
Missouri	H 462	School Policies Governing Obscene Materials	Failed - Adjourned	Requires schools to adopt school policies governing materials that are obscene or harmful to minors.
Missouri	H 832	Provisions of Child Labor Laws	Failed - Adjourned	Modifies provisions of child labor Laws and provides additional employment requirements for children engaged in online content creation or vlogging.
Missouri	H 1245	Child Labor Laws	Failed - Adjourned	Modifies provisions of child labor laws and provides additional employment requirements for children engaged in online content creation or vlogging.
Missouri	S 527	Rules for Adult Websites	Failed - Adjourned	Creates new provisions relating to adult websites.
Missouri	S 756	Regulation of Online Content Involving Minors	Failed - Adjourned	Creates provisions relating to regulation of online content involving minors.
Missouri	S 765	Obscene or Harmful Materials Accessible Minors	Failed - Adjourned	Prohibits obscene or harmful materials from being accessible to minors in public schools and charter schools.
Missouri	S 640	School Districts and Charter Schools	Failed - Adjourned	Requires school districts and charter schools to adopt written policies governing students’ use of electronic personal communications devices.
Montana	D 1729	Internet Distribution Penalties of Child Pornography	Failed - Adjourned	Creates penalties for the distribution of child pornography on the internet.
Montana	H 104	Power and Duties of Agents	Enacted	Provides that an agent appointed by the Attorney General is a peace officer and shall have concurrent jurisdiction with local law enforcement agencies to investigate offenses involving human trafficking, prostitution or patronizing a prostitute, or internet crimes against children; defines internet crimes against children as the use of an electronic device or electronic communication to commit or facilitate the commission of a crime against a child, including, among others, sexual assault.
Montana	H 392	Child Digital Protection Act	Enacted	Establishes the child digital protection act; revises laws related to the creation of profitable family video content featuring minor children; provides for trust contributions of profits made from video content featuring minor children; provides a right to request removal of content; provides a private right of action.
Montana	H 408	Electronic Devices Obscene Content Children Protect	Failed	Revises laws regarding minors' access to obscene content on devices via the internet; requires all devices activated in the State on specified date, to contain a filter to prevent a minor's access to obscene content; establishes liability for a device manufacturer that fails to enable device filters; establishes liability for a person who removes the filter from a minor's device and the minor uses the device to access obscene content; provides definitions; provides penalties.
Montana	H 925	Social Media Laws for Minors	Failed	Revises social media laws for minors.
Montana	S 413	Crime of Disclosing Explicit Synthetic Media	Enacted	Creates the crime of disclosing explicit synthetic media; provides that a person commits the offense of disclosing explicit synthetic media when the person knowingly or purposely, among other things, discloses explicit synthetic media with the intent to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass, or injure an identifiable person portrayed in whole or in part in the explicit synthetic media; specifies fines and prison terms for violations; specifies penalties if the person portrayed is under the specified age.
Nebraska	L 383	Child Sexual Abuse Material	Enacted	Adopts the Parental Rights in Social Media Act; renames the Child Pornography Prevention Act to the Child Sexual Abuse Material Prevention Act; prohibits conduct involving computer generated child pornography; prohibits receipt of child pornography; provides enhanced penalties; provides that it shall be unlawful for a person of a specified age or older to knowingly possess or receive any child sexual abuse material; provides that a social media company shall not permit a minor to become an account holder.
Nebraska	L 504	Age-Appropriate Online Design Code Act	Enacted	Adopts the Age-appropriate Online Design Code Act; provides definitions; provides that a covered online service's classification of an individual for purposes of marketing or advertising is inconsistent with the individual's self-identified age, a covered online service shall disregard self-identified age for purposes of the act.
Nevada	A 35	Pornography Involving Minors	Enacted	Relates to crimes; prohibits a person from receiving, distributing, producing, possessing or accessing any obscene item or material which contains a depiction of a purported child engaging in sexual conduct; provides that a violation of this prohibition constitutes a sexual offense or a violent or sexual offense for the purposes of various statutes; establishes the preferred manner of referring to items or materials that depict or describe a minor engaging in certain sexual conduct; provides for a penalty.
Nevada	A 294	Use of the Internet by Minors	Failed	Revises provisions relating to the use of the Internet by minors.
Nevada	S 63	Social Media Platforms	Failed	Relates to social media platforms; requires each social media platform to establish a system to verify the age of prospective users of the platform in the State; prohibits a social media platform from allowing certain minors in the State to use the social media platform; requires a social media platform to obtain the affirmative consent of a parent or legal guardian before authorizing certain minors in the State to use the social media platform.
New Hampshire	H 131	Personal Cell Phone Use in Schools	Pending	Requires school districts to adopt policies governing student cell phone use in schools.
New Hampshire	H 293	Minors Accessing Obscenity	Pending	Requires manufacturers of electronic tablets and smartphones to install filters on those devices that prevent minors from accessing obscene material; creates civil liability against a manufacturer that does not install filters in devices; creates civil and criminal liability against a manufacturer or person who disables a filter with the intent to allow a minor to access obscene material.
New Hampshire	H 324	Obscene or Harmful Sexual Materials in Schools	Vetoed	Relates to school board complaint resolution policies used to address complaints submitted by parents or guardians alleging that material that is harmful to minors has been provided to a student enrolled in the local school system; provides for aggrieved parent appeals; provides that such appeal must be filed within a specified number of days of the decision of the local school board; provides that an aggrieved parent or guardian may include a parent or guardian who is not the original complainant.
New Hampshire	H 781	Cell Phone Free Education	Vetoed	Requires school districts to adopt policies establishing a cell phone-free education.
New Hampshire	LSR 598	Minors Accessing Obscenity	Pending	Prevents minors from accessing obscenity on certain electronic devices with internet access.
New Hampshire	LSR 3005	Parental Consent and Age Verification for Digital Apps	Pending	Relates to parental consent and age verification for digital application platforms.
New Hampshire	S 206	Limit the Use of Cell Phones by Students	Pending	Requires school districts to adopt policies governing student cell phones use in schools.
New Hampshire	S 263	Responsive Generative Communication	Pending	Criminalizes and creates a private right of action for the facilitation, encouragement, offer, solicitation, or recommendation of certain acts or actions through a responsive generative communication to a child.
New Jersey	A 180	Candidates for Elective Office Social Media Websites	Pending	Prohibits social media websites from selectively suspending candidates for elective office; creates private right of action for users whose political or religious speech has been deleted.
New Jersey	A 408	Stop Social Media Censorship Act	Pending	Concerns the Stop Social Media Censorship Act; creates private right of action for users of social media websites whose political or religious speech has been deleted or censored by social media websites.
New Jersey	A 1580	Online Gaming Platforms Human Trafficking Prevention	Pending	Requires the Commission on Human Trafficking to identify methods to prevent human trafficking through online gaming platforms.
New Jersey	A 1883	Social Media Platforms Child Safety	Pending	Prohibits social media platforms from using certain practices or features that cause child users to become addicted to platform.
New Jersey	A 2187	Social Media Local Law Enforcement Protocols	Pending	Requires local law enforcement to develop protocol for social media in certain circumstances.
New Jersey	A 2367	Social Media Dangers Public Awareness Campaign	Pending	Establishes public awareness campaign on dangers of social media use to minors; appropriates funds.
New Jersey	A 2389	Harassment or Bullying Minors	Pending	Establishes offense of harassing, intimidating, or bullying minor; establishes diversionary program for juveniles charged with offense.
New Jersey	A 2559	Selective Suspension of Candidates for Elective Office	Pending	Prohibits selective suspension of candidates for elective office by social websites.
New Jersey	A 2933	Temporary Unit to Monitor Certain Social Media Posts	Pending	Appropriates a specified amount to Division of State Police establishing temporary unit to monitor certain social media posts and provide support to local police.
New Jersey	A 2949	Social Network Websites Offensive Communication	Pending	Provides penalties for sexually offensive or abusive communication through social networking websites.
New Jersey	A 2981	Online Safe User Practices Instruction	Pending	Requires a provision of instruction on safe user practices for certain websites and mobile applications as part of State Student Learning Standards for Comprehensive Health and Physical Education.
New Jersey	A 3844	Social Media Content Moderation Practices	Pending	Establishes certain requirements for social media websites concerning content moderation practices; establishes cause of action against social media websites for violation of content moderation practices.
New Jersey	A 3918	Schools Social Media Harassment Guidance and Training	Pending	Requires development of guidance and training to address social media in harassment, intimidation, and bullying in schools; revises student learning standards to include instruction on social media in school bullying.
New Jersey	A 4101	Social Media Fraudulent Account Reporting	Pending	Requires social media companies to establish toll-free telephone number for NJ account holders to report fraudulent account actions.
New Jersey	A 4146	Online Material Age Verification Requirements	Pending	Requires entities to verify age of persons accessing certain online material and prohibits minors from accessing certain online material.
New Jersey	A 4302	Minors Working as Vloggers Compensation	Pending	Requires family member to compensate minor working as vlogger in certain circumstances.
New Jersey	A 4479	Social Media Platforms Nonconsensual Intimate Images	Pending	Requires social media platforms to cooperate with nonprofit organization initiatives to remove nonconsensual intimate images or videos.
New Jersey	A 4635	Online Video Blogs Children Rights and Privacy	Pending	Protects monetary rights and privacy of minor children featured in online video blogs.
New Jersey	A 4643	Social Media Child Endangerment	Pending	Creates penalty for child endangerment via use of social media.
New Jersey	A 4644	Minor Related Social Media Accounts	Pending	Requires social media companies to take certain actions concerning accounts maintained by or featuring minors.
New Jersey	A 4664	Social Media Platforms Child Protections	Pending	Prohibits social media platforms from promoting certain practices or features of eating disorders to child users.
New Jersey	A 4738	Social Media Content Moderation Practices	Pending	Establishes requirements for social media companies concerning content moderation practices; establishes cause of action against social media companies for violation of content moderation practices.
New Jersey	A 4855	Students Cell Phone and Social Media Use	Pending	Concerns policies governing student use of cell phones and social media platforms in schools.
New Jersey	A 4882	Schools Cell Phone and Social Media Policies	Pending	Requires cell phone and social media guidelines to be developed by Department of Education and policy to be adopted by each school district.
New Jersey	ACR 113	Communication Decency Act	Pending	Urges Congress to amend the Communication Decency Act of 1996.
New Jersey	AR 115	Kids Online Safety Act	Pending	Urges Congress and President of the United States to enact the Kids Online Safety Act.
New Jersey	S 1142	Cyber Harassment of Minor Criminalization	Pending	Broadens statute that criminalizes cyber-harassment of minor.
New Jersey	S 1336	Social Media Websites and Content Moderation	Pending	Establishes certain requirements for social media websites concerning content moderation practices; establishes cause of action against social media websites for violation of content moderation practices.
New Jersey	S 1437	Law Enforcement Social Media Protocols	Pending	Requires law enforcement develop protocol for social media in certain circumstances.
New Jersey	S 1959	Children Data Protection Commission	Pending	Concerns social media privacy and data management for children and establishes the State Children's Data Protection Commission.
New Jersey	S 1964	Social Media Platforms Child User Protections	Pending	Prohibits social media platforms from using certain practices or features that cause child users to become addicted to platform.
New Jersey	S 1982	Social Media Platform Age Verification	Pending	Requires age verification and parent or guardian consent for minor's use of social media platforms; prohibits certain messaging between adults and minors; provides that the term social media platform shall not include an Internet-based service or application for which interactions between users are solely related to the provision of direct messages, commercial and financial transactions, peer-to-peer payments, consumer engagement around products, product reviews, sellers, services, events, or places.
New Jersey	S 3017	Social Media Companies Fraudulent Account Reporting	Pending	Requires social media companies to establish toll free telephone number for the state account holders to report fraudulent account actions.
New Jersey	S 3183	Minors Working as Vloggers Compensation	Pending	Concerns compensation for minors of family vloggers; provides that no minor under 16 years of age not a resident of this State shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in any occupation or service whatsoever at any time during which the law of the state of his residence required his attendance at school, or at any time during the hours when the public schools in the district in which employment in such occupation or services may be available are in session.
New Jersey	S 3583	Cell Phone and Social Media Use by Students	Pending	Concerns policies governing student use of cell phones and social media platforms in public schools.
New Jersey	S 3678	Distraction Free Schools Grant Program	Pending	Establishes the Distraction Free Schools Grant Program; appropriates monies.
New Jersey	S 3695	Schools Cell Phone and Social Media Policy	Pending	Requires cell phone and social media guidelines to be developed by Department of Education and policy to be adopted by each school district.
New Jersey	S 3901	Social Media and Cell Phone Addiction Instruction	Pending	Requires school districts to include instruction on risks associated with social media and cell phone addiction in grades 6 through 12.
New Jersey	S 4153	Social Media Platforms Eating Disorders Promotion	Pending	Prohibits social media platforms from promoting certain practices or features of eating disorders to child users.
New Jersey	S 4669	App Stores Age Verifications	Pending	Requires app stores to verify age of person creating account.
New Jersey	SR 75	Kids Online Safety Act	Pending	Urges Congress and President of the United States to enact the Kids Online Safety Act.
New Mexico	H 44	Harmful Material Protections	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to deceptive trade practices; enacts the protection of minors from distribution of harmful material act; defines terms; authorizes liability; creates a private right of action.
New Mexico	S 11	Anti Distraction Policy Schools	Enacted	Relates to public education, requires that each school district and charter school adopt and implement a policy for the use of wireless communication devices by students in public schools, requires the public education department to provide policy guidelines.
New York	A 770	Use of Cellular Telephones During Classroom Instruction	Pending	Requires school districts to adopt a policy prohibiting the use of cellular telephones during classroom instruction, requires the Department of Education to adopt a model policy for use by school districts.
New York	A 1624	Students Media Literacy Standards	Pending	Creates a set of media literacy standards for students in grades kindergarten through 12 which focus on internet safety, civility, and digital citizenship.
New York	A 3929	Social Media Influencers	Pending	Requires social media influencers to disclose when they share on social media that they are being paid by a campaign; authorizes the state board of elections to promulgate certain regulations.
New York	A 3946	Age Verification for Internet Pornography Websites	Pending	Requires age verification for internet pornography websites; imposes a specified amount for penalty per day for violations; provides exemptions for news organizations.
New York	A 5114	Online Products	Pending	Requires online products targeted towards children provide features to protect child users including providing screen time controls, prohibiting the promotion of harmful or illegal activities, and removing features which inappropriately amplify the level of engagement a child user has with the online product.
New York	A 5346	Warning Labels on Social Media Platforms	Pending	Requires warning labels on social media platforms which provide an addictive feed, autoplay, infinite scroll, like counts, and/or push notifications; directs the Commissioner of Mental Health; designs the warning label.
New York	A 5555	Model Codes of Conduct on School Property	Pending	Directs the Department of Education to establish model codes of conduct on school property regarding cellphone use.
New York	A 5827	Consumers' Foundational Data Privacy Rights	Pending	Establishes Consumers' Foundational Data Privacy Rights; creates oversight mechanisms; establishes enforcement mechanisms; establishes the Privacy and Security Victims' Relief Fund.
New York	A 5954	Possessing Cellphones During Classroom Instruction	Pending	Prohibits students from possessing cellphones during classroom instruction.
New York	A 6293	Crime of Aggravated Harassment	Pending	Establishes the crime of aggravated harassment by means of electronic or digital communication; provides for a private right of action for the unlawful dissemination or publication of deep fakes, which are digitized images which are altered to incorporate a person's face or their identifiable body part onto an image and such image depicts a pornographic or lewd sex act or graphic violence.
New York	A 6540	Generative Artificial Intelligence Providers	Pending	Requiring synthetic content creations system providers to include provenance data on synthetic content produced or modified by a synthetic content creations system that the synthetic content creations system provider makes available.
New York	A 6974	Stop Addictive Feeds Exploitation for All Act	Pending	Enacts the Stop Addictive Feeds Exploitation for All Act; requires a setting which allows a social media user to turn off algorithmic recommendations and other notifications; prohibits the use of dark patterns to subvert choice or inhibit users from accessing certain mechanisms.
New York	A 8963	NY Digital Choice Act	Pending	Establishes the NY digital choice act requiring social media companies to provide covered users with a copy of the covered user's social graph at the request of the covered user; defines terms; provides requirements for the interoperability of covered users' data; grants the attorney general the authority to promulgate rules and regulations and enforce such provisions.
New York	S 140	Wireless Communications Devices on School Property	Pending	Prohibits students from accessing their wireless communications devices on school property, unless authorized for classroom use, prohibits students from accessing social media platforms through the use of internet access provided by the school district, except when expressly directed for class instruction.
New York	S 927	Regulation of Social Media Companies	Pending	Relates to the regulation of social media companies and social media platforms; provides for age requirements for the use of social media and parental consent; prohibits certain data collection from social media accounts; limits the hours a minor can have access to social media; establishes penalties for violations.
New York	S 1332	Parental Controls for Internet Services	Pending	Offers parental controls for internet services; allows the attorney general; brings a civil action against any internet provider; violates certain requirements.
New York	S 2437	Social Media Influencers	Pending	Requires disclosure of social media posts that are paid for by a campaign; authorizes the state board of elections to promulgate certain regulations.
New York	S 3591	Age Verification for Internet Pornography Websites	Pending	Requires age verification for internet pornography websites; imposes a $50,000 penalty per day for violations; provides exemptions for news organizations.
New York	S 4276	Digital Fairness Act	Pending	Requires the regents to ensure that the course of instruction in grades K-12 includes a component on digital literacy, digital privacy and the proper and safe use of the internet. Requires instruction that includes internet safety program components.
New York	S 4505	Warning Labels on Social Media Platforms	To Governor	Requires warning labels on social media platforms which provide an addictive feed, autoplay, infinite scroll, like counts, and/or push notifications; directs the commissioner of mental health to design the warning label.
New York	S 4506	Service as Legislative Leader	Pending	Limits the time a legislator may serve as a legislative leader to four consecutive two year terms.
New York	S 4561	Interactive Computer Service Providers	Pending	Prevents interactive computer service providers from knowingly or negligently promoting developed content that is dangerous or otherwise injurious to minors; assesses a civil penalty to social media networks that knowingly or negligently promote such content.
New York	S 4562	Internet Platform Disclosure to Parents	Pending	Discloses to a parent the personal information and content about a minor collected by an operator of an internet platform when a parent requests such information.
New York	S 4600	New York Child Data Privacy Protection Act	Pending	Enacts the New York child data privacy protection act to prevent the exploitation of children's data; requires data controllers to assess the impact of its products on children for review by the bureau of internet and technology.
New York	S 4609	Children's Online Safety Act	Pending	Establishes the New York children's online safety act; requires operators of covered platforms to conduct age verification to determine whether a user is a covered minor; requires operators of covered platforms to utilize certain default privacy settings for covered minors; requires operators of covered platforms to require parental approval of certain activity related to a covered minor's covered platform account.
New York	S 8217	Law Enforcement Agencies Staffed Hotline	Pending	Relates to requiring certain covered platforms to provide a process for law enforcement agencies to contact such platform and to comply with search warrants within 72 hours.
North Carolina	H 301	Social Media Protections	Pending - Carryover	Provides social media protections for minors under sixteen years of age; provides that a social media platform shall prohibit a minor who is younger than 14 years of age from entering into a contract with the platform to become an account holder and shall terminate any account held by a minor under 14 years of age upon 30 days' notice to the account holder, among other things.
North Carolina	H 507	The Children First Act	Pending	Prioritizes the well-being of children by expanding access to affordable, high-quality child care for North Carolina families; establishes an employer-provided child care credit; implements workforce development and licensing reform strategies to eliminate the child care workforce shortage; enhances child health and safety protections; addresses infant and fetal mortality prevention; establishes a child care innovation task force to improve the child care landscape in North Carolina.
North Carolina	H 860	Social Media Control in Information Technology Act	Pending	Combats social media addiction by requiring that social media platforms respect the privacy of North Carolina users' data and not use a North Carolina minor's data for advertising or algorithmic recommendations, and appropriates funds for that purpose, and to make willful violations of data user privacy an unfair practice under chapter 75 of the general statutes.
North Carolina	H 959	Cell Phones	Enacted	Promotes internet safety, to require social media literacy instruction in schools, to require regulation of student use of wireless communication devices during instructional time, to allow certain nonpublic schools to request residency licenses for teachers, and to allow certain schools to apply for reaccreditation by the criminal justice education and training standards commission.
North Carolina	S 483	The Children First Act	Pending	Prioritizes the well-being of children by expanding access to affordable, high-quality child care for North Carolina families; establishes an employer-provided child care credit; implements workforce development and licensing reform strategies to eliminate the child care workforce shortage; enhances child health and safety protections; addresses infant and fetal mortality prevention; establishes a child care innovation task force to improve the child care landscape in North Carolina.
North Carolina	S 514	Social Media Control	Pending	Combats social media addiction by requiring that social media platforms respect the privacy of North Carolina users' data and not use a North Carolina minor's data for advertising or algorithmic recommendations; appropriates funds for that purpose; makes willful violations of data user privacy an unfair practice under specified statutes.
North Carolina	S 722	Childrens Online Safety Act	Pending	Enacts safeguards to protect children online; establishes the online safety division at the Department of Justice and the cyberbullying unit at the state bureau of investigation; creates the online child safety commission; appropriates funds for those purposes.
North Dakota	H 1160	Prohibition of Student Cellular Telephone	Enacted	Relates to the prohibition of student cellular telephone use during instructional time.
North Dakota	H 1561	Commercial Entity's Liability	Enacted	Relates to a commercial entity's liability for publishing or distributing sexual material harmful to a minor; provides a penalty; provides for application; provides that a commercial entity that knowingly publishes or distributes sexual material harmful to a minor on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of material, must be held liable if the entity fails to perform reasonable age verification methods to verify the age of an individual attempting to access the material.
North Dakota	H 1593	Publishing or Distributing Sexual Material	Failed	Relates to a commercial entity's liability for publishing or distributing sexual material harmful to a minor; provides a penalty; provides for application.
North Dakota	S 2300	Mandatory Secure Storage of a Student	Failed	Relates to the mandatory secure storage of a student’s personal electronic device during the school day, provides an appropriation.
North Dakota	S 2307	Public Library	Vetoed	Provides for the States Attorneys review of public libraries, school districts, and State agencies for compliance with statutes protecting minors from explicit sexual material; provides that if a school district fails to comply with the law within a specified period, the States Attorney shall notify the Superintendent of Public Instruction who shall withhold funds until the district is in compliance with the relevant statute; relates to obscenity control; provides for a report to the Legislative Management.
North Dakota	S 2354	School District Wireless Communication Device Policies	Enacted	Relates to school district wireless communication device policies.
North Dakota	S 2380	Commercial Entity Liability	Enacted	Relates to a commercial entity's liability for publishing or distributing sexual material harmful to a minor; provides a penalty; provides for application.
N. Mariana Islands	None
Ohio	H 547	Kid Influencer Protection Act	Pending	Requires vloggers to hold in a trust account a portion of compensation earned from any content featuring minors and names this act the Kid Influencer Protection Act.
Oklahoma	H 1275	Social Media	Pending - Carryover	Prohibits minors under the specified age from being an account holder on certain social media platforms; prohibits minors older than a specified age from being an account holder on certain social media platforms without express consent of a parent or legal guardian; requires verification of an account holders age; permits the use of third party vendors to verify age; prohibits social media platforms accessed by minors from engaging in certain activities.
Oklahoma	H 1276	Schools	Pending - Carryover	Relates to schools, requires district boards of education to adopt a policy prohibiting student cell phone and personal electronic device use under certain circumstances, requires exceptions for emergencies, allows board approval to opt out of prohibition, requires annual approval of alternative policies.
Oklahoma	H 1277	Schools and Phone Free Spaces	Enacted	Relates to schools, directs the State Board of Education to distribute grants to incentivize phone free spaces, provides for the application process, prescribes the selection of grant recipients, provides for the use of grant funds, authorizes certain negotiations and contracts.
Oklahoma	H 1388	Children	Pending - Carryover	Relates to children; provides definitions; directs covered entities to complete and review impact assessments; requires covered entities to provide impact assessments to Attorney General; requires certain default privacy settings; directs covered entities to publicly provide certain information in clear language suited to age of children accessing product; requires entity provide certain tools.
Oklahoma	H 1762	Children	Pending - Carryover	Relates to children; provides definitions; directs covered entities; completes and reviews impact assessments; requires covered entities; provides impact assessments to Attorney General; requires certain default privacy settings; directs covered entities to publicly provide certain information in clear language; suits to age of children accessing product; requires entity provide certain tools; provides information; requires for data protection impact assessment.
Oklahoma	H 2301	Schools	Pending - Carryover	Relates to schools, enacts the Oklahoma School Cell Phone Act of 2025, provides for noncodification, provides an effective date.
Oklahoma	S 139	Schools	Enacted	Relates to schools, requires school district boards of education to adopt a policy prohibiting use of cell phones while on campus during a certain time period, defines term, directs policy to contain disciplinary procedures, allows policy to include certain exceptions, directs the State Department of Education to establish certain grant program, directs certain amount to be made available in grants, subject to availability of funding.
Oklahoma	S 371	Schools	Pending - Carryover	Relates to schools, defines term, directs school district boards of education to adopt policies prohibiting students from accessing certain platforms, websites, or applications while on school premises, provides for promulgation of rules, provides for codification, provides for an effective date, declares an emergency.
Oklahoma	S 885	Social Media Platforms	Pending - Carryover	Relates to social media platforms; defines terms; creates the Safe Screens for Kids Act; provides short title; prohibits use of a social media platform by a minor without certain consent; requires certain age verification methods; requires certain access; prohibits certain restriction; prohibits certain data collection; provides certain exception; prohibits certain advertisement; prohibits use of certain technology for certain purpose; prohibits certain feature.
Oklahoma	S 932	Social Media	Pending - Carryover	Relates to social media; defines terms; authorizes certain cause of action against a social media platform; establishes criteria to recover damages; authorizes certain rebuttable presumption; authorizes certain relief; prohibits certain liability; authorizes other remedies; states exception to certain rebuttable presumption; authorizes utilization of certain settings; disallows certain waiver or limitation; provides for codification; provides an effective date.
Oregon	H 2032	Distributing Sexual Material Harmful to Minors	Failed	Requires a commercial entity that engages in the business of publishing or distributing sexual material harmful to minors to verify the ages of individuals to whom the commercial entity distributes or makes available the sexual material harmful to minors.
Oregon	H 2308	Consumer Products Manufacturers	Failed	Requires manufacturers of consumer products that enable access to the Internet, that have operating systems that recognize the geographical location where the device is being used and that determine a user's age during setup to also have a parental control filter that blocks access to software applications and Internet sites that provide access to obscene material and to turn the parental control filter on automatically during setup for users who are younger than 18 years of age.
Oregon	H 2251	Personal Electronic Devices Prohibition	Failed	Directs school districts to adopt a policy that prohibits the use of student personal electronic devices.
Oregon	H 3456	Internet Safety Policies for Minors	Failed	Requires district school boards and public library boards to adopt policies to provide for Internet safety for students and minors.
Oregon	H 3458	Student Use of Personal Electronic Devices	Failed	Directs the Department of Education to develop model policies related to the use of student cellular telephones and other personal electronic devices.
Oregon	H 3696	Application Stores and Developers	Failed	Requires application stores and developers to verify the age of users and categorize them accordingly.
Oregon	S 686	Digital Journalism Providers	Failed	Requires online platforms to pay digital journalism providers or donate to the Civic Information Consortium.
Pennsylvania	H 62	Social Media Platforms	Pending	Relates to social media platforms; relates to limiting censorship.
Pennsylvania	H 1430	Protection of Minors On Social Media	Pending	Amends Title 50 Mental Health of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes; provides for protection of minors on social media; imposes penalties.
Pennsylvania	H 1729	Online Safety for Children	Pending	Amends Title 18 Crimes and Offenses of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in miscellaneous offenses; provides for children's online safety.
Pennsylvania	S 22	Protection of Minors On Social Media	Pending	Amends Title 50 Mental Health of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes; provides for protection of minors on social media; imposes penalties.
Pennsylvania	S 568	Social Media Platforms	Pending	Provides for the removal of nonconsenting intimate depictions from social media platforms.
Pennsylvania	S 229	Cell Phone Lockable Bag Pilot Program	Pending	Amends the act known as the Public School Code, in school safety and security, establishes the Cell Phone Lockable Bag Pilot Program.
Pennsylvania	SR 136	Designation Resolution	Pending	Designates a specified week as Social Media Safety and Parental Awareness Week.
Puerto Rico (P.R.)	H 179	Personal Electronic Devices	Pending	Prohibits the use o personal electronic devices by students in State’s educational institutions in elementary grades.
Rhode Island	H 5176	Student Computer Device Privacy	Pending	Prohibits an educational institution or school district from accessing any audio or video recording, transmitting or recording function on a student’s institutional or personal device or using location data for tracking a student’s institutional device or personal device, or allow a third party to do so, except in limited circumstances, exempts prisons or other correctional facilities.
Rhode Island	H 5598	Health and Safety of Pupils	Enacted	Requires every public school district to have a policy regarding the use of personal electronic devices on school grounds and during school-sponsored activities to reduce distractions and maintain environments focused on learning, enables school districts to make exception to the policy.
Rhode Island	S 232	Student Computer Device Privacy	Pending	Prohibits an education institution or school district from accessing any audio or video recording, transmitting or recording function on a student’s institutional or personal device or using location data for tracking a student’s institutional device or personal device, or allow a third part to do so, except in limited circumstances.
Rhode Island	S 771	Health and Safety of Pupils in School	Enacted	Requires each public school district to have a policy regarding the use of personal electronic devices on school grounds and during school-sponsored activities to reduce distractions and maintain environments focused on learning, enables school districts to make exceptions to the policy.
American Samoa	Not available
South Carolina	H 3400	Child Data Privacy and Protection Act	Pending - Carryover	Provides definitions; provides for certain data protection impact assessments; provides that certain entities may not collect, retain, process, or sell certain personal data; provides that certain entities shall utilize privacy by default; provides that users must have access to their accounts; provides that certain civil and criminal subpoenas and warrants must be expedited; provides that privacy policies must be prominently displayed; provides for methods for notifications.
South Carolina	H 3401	Governmental Entity	Pending - Carryover	Provides definitions; provides that a governmental entity may not communicate with a social media platform in certain instances; provides applicability; provides exemptions; provides for certain consumer rights; provides for the exercising of certain rights; establishes an appeals process; provides that certain contracts and agreements that waive rights are void; provides that a controller shall establish methods to submit requests; provides for duties for controllers; provides for a privacy notice.
South Carolina	H 3402	Age-Appropriate Design Code Act	Pending - Carryover	Enacts the State Age-Appropriate Design Code Act; provides definitions; provides for information fiduciary; provides scope and exclusions; provides requirements for covered entities; provides for prohibitions for covered entities; provides for data practices; provides for enforcement; provides for limitations.
South Carolina	H 3431	Social Media Company Requirements	Pending - Carryover	Provides that a social media company may not permit certain minors to be account holders; provides requirements for social media companies; provides that a social media company shall provide certain parents or guardians with certain information; provides that a social media company shall restrict social media access to minors during certain hours; provides for consumer complaints; provides that the consumer services division has authority to administer and enforce certain requirements.
South Carolina	S 29	Dissemination of Harmful Material to Minors	Enacted	Relates to the dissemination of harmful material to minors; defines identifiable minor and morphed image; defines first, second, and third degree sexual exploitation of minors to include morphed images of identifiable minors; provides procedures for arrest warrants; includes those guilty of criminal sexual exploitation of minors on the appropriate tiers of the Sex Offender Registry; relates to registration requirement termination; provides for family court jurisdiction if the person charged is a minor.
South Carolina	S 235	Prohibit Prostitution	Pending - Carryover	Relates to prostitution, so as to revise the statute to prohibit prostitution by a prostituted person and to increase the penalty for violations; revises the statute to prohibit certain actions related to a person who solicits customers for a prostituted person and to increase the penalty for violations; relates to violations for prostitution, so as to revise the statute to prohibit a person from soliciting a prostituted person.
South Carolina	S 268	Implementation of the Service to Prevent Harm to Minors	Pending - Carryover	Provides that a covered online service shall take care in the use of a minor's personal data and in the design and implementation of the service to prevent harm to minors; provides that the online service must provide minors with easily accessible tools to limit time spent on the service and protect personal data; provides limits on how much of a minor's data the service may collect and restrict the use of such data.
South Dakota	S 18	Age Verification and Websites Harmful Material	Failed - Adjourned	Requires age verification by websites containing material that is harmful to minors, and to provide a penalty therefor.
South Dakota	S 180	Online Application Store Age Verification	Failed - Adjourned	Requires age verification before an individual may access an application from an online application store.
Tennessee	H 13	Local Education Agencies	Failed	Requires LEAs and public charter schools to adopt a policy to prohibit students from using wireless communication devices during instructional time except in certain circumstances.
Tennessee	H 41	Wireless Communication Policy	Failed	Requires each local board of education and public charter school governing board to adopt a wireless communication policy that requires students to keep wireless communication devices turned off and stowed away during a classroom instructional day or during instructional time except in certain circumstances.
Tennessee	H 419	Local Education Agencies	Failed	Requires LEAs and public charter schools to prohibit students from displaying, using, or accessing an electronic device during the school day unless an exception applies, requires local boards of education and public charter school governing bodies to develop or adopt a policy to implement the prohibition and to submit its policy to the Department of Education no later than the specified date.
Tennessee	H 768	Local Education Agencies	Pending - Carryover	Requires public charter schools to adopt an internet acceptable use policy in the same manner required for LEAs, prohibits LEAs and public charter schools from tracking or monitoring a person’s use of personal electronic device on school property, except for instances in which a student uses a device during a test.
Tennessee	H 825	Curriculum Education	Enacted	Enacts the Teen Social Media and Internet Safety Act, which requires the Department of Education to develop guidance for LEAs and public charter schools to instruct students in grades six through twelve who are enrolled in the LEA or public charter school on social media and internet safety; prohibit students from accessing a social media platform using the internet access provided by the LEA or public charter school, except when expressly authorized by a teacher for educational purposes only.
Tennessee	H 932	Students	Enacted	Requires local boards of education and public charter school governing bodies to adopt a policy to prohibit students from using wireless communication devices during instructional times, except in certain circumstances.
Tennessee	HJR 179	Statement of Intent or Position	Pending - Carryover	Recognizes mental health consequences of social media on K-12 students.
Tennessee	S 10	Communication Devices at Schools	Pending - Carryover	Provides that each local board of education and each public charter school governing body shall adopt and implement a wireless communication device policy that, among other things, prohibits a student from using a wireless communication device during instructional time and authorizes a teacher to allow a student to use a wireless communication device for educational purposes during instructional time.
Tennessee	S 18	Wireless Communication Policy	Failed	Requires each local board of education and public charter school governing body to adopt a wireless communication policy that requires students to keep wireless communication devices turned off and stowed away during a classroom instructional day or during instructional time except in certain circumstances.
Tennessee	S 121	Local Education Agencies	Pending - Carryover	Requires public charter schools, adopts an internet acceptable use policy in the same manner, requires for Local Education Agencies, prohibits Local Educational Agencies and public charter schools from tracing or monitoring a person’s use of a personal electronic device on school property, except for instances in which a student uses such device during a test.
Tennessee	S 414	Local Education Agencies	Failed	Relates to electronic devices, provides that each local education agency and public charter school shall prohibit a student enrolled in the LEA or public charter school from displaying, using, or accessing an electronic device during the school day unless the electronic device is, another other things, provided to the student by the LEA or public charter school and authorized for use during the school day pursuant to the policy adopted by the local board of education or public charter school governing body.
Tennessee	S 811	Curriculum Education	Pending - Carryover	Enacts the Teen Social Media and Internet Safety Act, which requires the department of education to develop curricula for the instruction of social media and internet safety for students in a specified grades who are enrolled in a school in a local education agency (LEA) or public charter school; requires such LEAs and public charter schools to instruct such students using the curricula developed by the department.
Tennessee	S 897	Students	Pending - Carryover	Requires local boards of education and public charter school governing bodies to adopt a policy to prohibit students from using wireless communication devices during instructional time, except in certain circumstances.
Texas	H 186	Use of Social Media Platforms by Children	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to prohibiting use of social media platforms by children.
Texas	H 421	Creation of Certain Explicit Deep Fake Material	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to the creation of certain explicit deep fake material; provides a private cause of action.
Texas	H 499	Social Media Platforms Warning Labels	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to a warning label on social media platforms concerning the association between a minor's social media usage and significant mental health issues.
Texas	H 515	Public School Personal Electronic Devices Policies	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to public school policies regarding student use of personal electronic devices.
Texas	H 581	Create of Artificial Sexual Material Harmful to Minors	Enacted	Relates to the creation of artificial sexual material harmful to minors.
Texas	H 1258	Student Possession of Personal Communication Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to public school policies regarding student possession of personal communication devices, authorizes a fee.
Texas	H 1375	Civil Liability for Obscenity	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to civil liability for obscenity; provides that a defendant is liable to a person harmed for damages arising from obscenity if the defendant engages in the obscenity or knowingly or intentionally benefits from participating in an entity that engages in the obscenity; provides for commercial entity liability.
Texas	H 1446	No Cell Phone in School Study	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to a study by the State Education Agency on the effects of school district policies prohibiting student use of personal communication devices.
Texas	H 1481	Student Use of Personal Wireless Communication Devices	Enacted	Relates to the use of personal wireless communication devices by students during instructional time. Requires the board of trustees of a school district and the governing body of an open enrollment charter school to adopt policies prohibiting students from using personal wireless communication devices during instructional time.
Texas	H 2173	Warning Label on Social Media Platforms	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to a warning label on social media platforms concerning the association between a minor's social media usage and significant mental health issues.
Texas	H 2205	Electronic Device Use by Public School Students	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to a policy prohibiting the use of a personal electronic devices by public school students during instructional time.
Texas	H 2469	Access to Certain Internet Websites in Public Schools	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to access to certain internet websites in public schools.
Texas	H 3160	Internet Safety and Technology Protection Policies	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to internet safety and technology protection policies in public schools and libraries.
Texas	H 3862	Prohibiting Use of Social Media Platforms by Children	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to prohibiting use of social media platforms by children.
Texas	H 2874	Provenance Data on Social Media Platforms	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to the inclusion of provenance data on content shared on social media platforms.
Texas	H 3133	Deep Fake Material on Social Media Reports	Enacted	Relates to user reports of explicit deep fake material on social media platforms.
Texas	H 5517	Sexually Explicit Artificially Generated Images	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to sexually explicit artificially generated images and videos.
Texas	S 966	Use of Technology by Public School Students	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to the use of technology by public school students, including a study on the public health effects of digital learning and public school policies regarding student possession of personal communication devices, increases a fee.
Texas	S 1298	Instruction in Online Safety for Minors	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to instruction in online safety for minors provided in public schools and by the Department of Public Safety.
Texas	S 1459	Possession of Personal Communication Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to public school policies regarding student possession of personal communication devices and internet safety.
Texas	S 1960	Digital Replication Rights	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to digital replication rights in the voice and visual likeness of individuals; provides private causes of action; authorizes a fee.
Texas	S 2365	Student Use of Personal Wireless Communication Devices	Pending	Relates to the use of personal wireless communication devices by students during instructional time.
Texas	S 2420	Regulation of Platforms for the Sale of Software	Enacted	Relates to the regulation of platforms for the sale and distribution of software applications for mobile devices; provides that when an individual in this state creates an account with an app store, the owner of the app store shall use a commercially reasonable method of verification to verify the individual's age category.
Texas	S 2421	Electronic Device Filters for Certain Obscene Materials	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to the electronic device filters for certain obscene materials; provides a civil penalty; creates a criminal offense.
Texas	S 2787	Digital Citizenship and Media Literacy Instruction	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to digital citizenship and media literacy instruction in public schools and a public school policy regarding internet safety.
Texas	S 2881	Access and Communications Settings for Minors Account	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to the access and communications settings for accounts of minor users of digital services.
Texas	S 3003	Age Verification for the Online Sale of Obscene Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Relates to age verification for the online sale of obscene devices.
Utah	H 322	Child Actor Regulations	Enacted	Enacts provisions related to minors involved in entertainment; requires that a parent or guardian establish a trust for a minor involved in entertainment; provides the circumstances under which a child of a content creator is not subject to trust and compensation requirements; provides the circumstances under which a parent or guardian may serve as the trustee of a trust for a minor involved in entertainment; establishes a right of action for a minor involved in entertainment.
Utah	S 98	Parental Education on Student Use of Technology	Enacted	Requires the State Board of Education to create a video presentation for parents regarding potential safety and legal issues a student may encounter regarding the students use of technology, including sharing personal data via social media, and other means of communication, and creating and sharing sexual or nude images, both real and artificially produced, provides that the board shall make the video presentation available to each school district so that the district may provide the presentation to parents.
Utah	S 142	App Store Accountability Act	Enacted	Requires app store providers to verify a users age category, obtain parental consent, notify users and parents of significant changes, share certain data with developers, and protect age verification data; prohibits app store providers from, among other things, enforcing contracts against minors without parental consent; designates violations as deceptive trade practices; requires the Division of Consumer Protection to establish standards for age verification methods; creates a private right of action.
Utah	S 178	Devices in Public Schools	Enacted	Relates to the use of cell phones, smart watches, or emerging technologies during classroom hours, prohibits a student from using a cell phone smart watch, or emerging technology during classroom hours, permits the State Board of Education to create model policies, provides that a local education agency shall establish a policy that allows a student use technologies to, amount other things, respond to a school wide emergency, to use the SafeUt Crisi Line, and to address a medical necessity.
Vermont	H 54	Cell Phone Free Schools	Pending - Carryover	Relates to cell phone-free schools.
Vermont	H 210	Age Appropriate Design Code	Pending - Carryover	Relates to an age-appropriate design code.
Vermont	S 21	Cell Phone Free Schools	Pending - Carryover	Relates to cell phone-free schools.
Vermont	H 365	Social Media Platforms	Pending - Carryover	Relates to the regulation of social media platforms and artificial intelligence systems.
Vermont	S 69	Age Appropriate Design Code	Enacted	Requires that any covered business that develops and provides online services, products, or features that children are reasonably likely to access must not use abusive or privacy-invasive design features on children.
Virginia	H 706	Public Secondary Schools	Failed	Relates to public secondary schools; relates to public institutions of higher education; relates to internet safety education required; relates to report; requires the Board of Education to develop and approve objectives for internet safety education at the middle and high school grade levels to be required of all students in specified grades and to provide for the infusion of such objectives in the relevant Standards of Learning and in career and technical education.
Virginia	H 877	Virginia Social Media Regulation Act	Failed	Relates to Virginia Social Media Regulation Act established; relates to penalties; establishes the Virginia Social Media Regulation Act for the purpose of prohibiting minors in State from possessing an account on any social media platform without the express consent of a parent or guardian; requires a social media company to provide a minor's parent or guardian with access to the minor's account and all posts and information on such account.
Virginia	H 1094	Department of Education	Failed	Relates to Department of Education; relates to school boards; relates to student online activity; relates to data collection, monitoring, and restrictions.
Virginia	H 1840	Student Online Activity Data Collection	Failed	Relates to Department of Education, relates to school boards, relates to student online activity, relates to data collection, monitoring and restrictions, requires the Department of Education to establish reporting expectations for school divisions that collect student online activity data.
Virginia	H 1817	Consumer Data Protection Act	Failed	Relates to consumer data protection act; relates to social media; relates to parental consent; requires any social media platform that is subject to the provisions of the federal children's online privacy protection act to obtain verifiable parental consent prior to permitting any minor to create an account with such social media platform and, with such account, use such social media platform.
Virginia	H 1961	Phone Possession and Use School Policies	Enacted	Relates to public elementary and secondary schools, relates to student discipline, relates to student cell phone possession and smart device possession and use policies, provides development and implementation.
Virginia	S 738	Student Cell Phone Policy	Enacted	Relates to public elementary and secondary schools, relates to student cell phone possession and use policies, relates to development and implementation, provides that each school board shall develop and each public elementary and secondary school shall implement age-appropriate and developmentally appropriate policies relating to student cell phone and smart device possession and use on school property during regular school hours.
Virginia	S 783	Consumer Data Protection Act	Failed	Relates to Consumer Data Protection Act; relates to protections for children; requires a controller or processor to obtain verifiable parental consent, defined in the bill, prior to registering any child with the controllers or processors product or service or before collecting, using, or disclosing such child's personal data; amends the definition of child for purposes of the Consumer Data Protection Act to include any natural person younger than specified years of age.
Virginia	S 854	Social Media Platforms for Minors	Enacted	Defines minor as any natural person younger than specified years of age; provides that any controller or processor that operates a social media platform shall use commercially reasonable methods, such as a neutral age screen mechanism, to determine whether a user is a minor and limit a minor's use of such social media platform to one hour per day, per service or application, and allow a parent to give verifiable parental consent to increase or decrease the daily time limit.
Virginia	S 1486	Student Personal Information	Enacted	Relates to public schools, relates to student records and personal information, relates to school-issued devices and school technology providers, relates to protection of student personal information, relates to policies and procedures, establishes several requirements and restrictions for the purpose of ensuring the protection of student personal information and educational records in the procurement, provision and use of school-issued devices.
Washington	H 1122	Mobile Device Usage By Public School Students	Pending - Carryover	Restricts mobile device usage by public school students.
Washington	S 5708	Washington Children Online	Pending - Carryover	Protects Washington children online; provides that an operator of an addictive internet-based service or application shall not use any personal information collected to estimate age or age range for any other purpose or retain that personal information, other than the estimated age or age range, longer than necessary to estimate age.
West Virginia	H 2003	Cell Phones in Class	Enacted	Relates to the limitations of cell phones in classrooms, provides for a purpose and application, creates definitions, creates a prohibition of personal electronic devices during instructional time, sets forth minimum requirements for county board of education policies, provides for severability.
West Virginia	H 2677	Cell Phone Possession and Usage by Students	Failed - Adjourned	Prohibits cell phone possession and usage by students during instructional time in grades K-12.
West Virginia	H 2741	Electronic Devices	Failed - Adjourned	Prohibits the use of electronic devices for learning in all classrooms grades 3 and below.
West Virginia	S 432	Personal Cell Phones and Other Electronic Communication	Failed - Adjourned	Requires county boards of education adopt policies limiting use of personal cell phones and other electronic communication devices.
West Virginia	S 457	Cell Phones in Class	Failed - Adjourned	Prohibits cell phones in class.
Wisconsin	A 2	Requiring School Boards To Adopt Cell Phone Policies	To Governor	Requires school boards to adopt policies to prohibit the use of wireless communication devices during instructional time.
Wisconsin	S 29	Wireless Communication Devices at School	Pending	Requires school boards to adopt policies to prohibit the use of wireless communication devices during instructional time.
Wyoming	S 21	Wireless Communication Devices at School	Failed - Adjourned	Requires school boards to adopt policies to prohibit the use of wireless communication devices during instructional time.
Wyoming	H 43	Age Verification for Websites	Enacted	Requires age verification for visiting websites with material harmful to minors; specifies requirements and exceptions for age verification; specifies remedies, liability and damages; provides that any covered platform or third party that performs the required age verification shall not retain any identifying information; provides that any parent or guardian of a minor who is aggrieved by a violation shall have a cause of action on the minors behalf against the covered platform.

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